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Proteases derived from demonstrate numerous commendable properties, rendering it extensively applicable in biotechnology and various industrial sectors. This study focused on the purification and characterization of the thermostable protease obtained from sp. CNXK100. The purified protease exhibited an estimated molecular weight of 27 kDa, with optimal activity at 75°C and pH 8.0. Notably, the enzyme remained active even without any metal ions and fully active in the presence of Na , K , Mg , and Cu metal ions. The kinetic parameters were determined with a value of 3.13 mg/ml and a value of 3.28 × 10 U/mg. Furthermore, the protease has demonstrated notable stability when subjected to a treatment temperature of up to 65°C for 60 minutes, and across a broad pH range extending from 5.0 to 10.0. This protease also demonstrated resilience against a spectrum of harsh conditions, including exposure to organic solvents, surfactants, bleaching agents, and proteolytic enzymes. Additionally, the enzyme maintained its activity following treatment with commercial detergents, accomplishing complete thrombus lysis at a concentration of 2.50 mg/ml within 4 hours. Remarkably, the protease exhibited stability in terms of activity and protein concentration for 70 days at 4°C. These findings underscore the potential industrial applications of the thermostable protease from sp. CNXK100.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal malignancies due to late diagnosis, poor drug penetration, and intrinsic chemoresistance. Targeted delivery strategies are urgently needed to enhance therapeutic precision while minimizing systemic toxicity. Here, we developed an AS1411 aptamer-functionalized liposomal platform encapsulating siRNA against metastasis-associated protein 2 (MTA2), a chromatin remodeling factor that suppresses the tumor suppressor PTEN and activates PI3K/AKT signaling. The AS1411 aptamer, which binds nucleolin overexpressed on PDAC cells, was conjugated to cationic liposomes via copper-free click chemistry. The resulting AS1411-Lipm[siRNA] exhibited high siRNA encapsulation efficiency, selective uptake by nucleolin-positive PDAC cells, and enhanced endosomal escape. Treatment of MIA PaCa-2 cells with AS1411-Lipm[siRNA] significantly reduced MTA2 expression by ~60%, substantially restored PTEN, and inhibited AKT phosphorylation by ~50%, leading to decreased cell viability, impaired migration by ~75%, and increased apoptosis by ~35%, while sparing nucleolin-negative cells. These findings highlight AS1411-Lipm[siRNA] as a promising platform for selective siRNA delivery and potent molecular inhibition in PDAC therapy.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health concern. The development of vaccines with high immunogenicity and safety is crucial for controlling the global COVID-19 pandemic and preventing further illness and fatalities. Here, we report the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, Nanocovax, based on recombinant protein production of the extracellular (soluble) portion of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that Nanocovax induced high levels of S protein-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies in three animal models: BALB/c mouse, Syrian hamster, and a non-human primate ( Macaca leonina ). In addition, a viral challenge study using the hamster model showed that Nanocovax protected the upper respiratory tract from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nanocovax did not induce any adverse effects in mice ( Mus musculus var. albino) and rats ( Rattus norvegicus ). These preclinical results indicate that Nanocovax is safe and effective.

The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a dire global health concern. The development of vaccines with high immunogenicity and safety is crucial for control of the global COVID-19 pandemic and prevention of further illness and fatalities. Here, we report development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, Nanocovax, based on recombinant protein production of the extracellular (soluble) portion of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that Nanocovax induced high levels of S protein-specific IgG, as well neutralizing antibody in three animal models including Balb/C mice, Syrian hamsters, and non-human primate (Macaca leonina). In addition, the viral challenge study using the hamster model showed that Nanocovax protected the upper respiratory tract from SARS-CoV-2 infection. No adverse effects were induced by Nanocovax in swiss mice (Musmusculus var. Albino), Rats (Rattus norvegicus), and New Zealand rabbits. These pre-clinical results indicated that Nanocovax is safe and effective Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.