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The purpose of this study is to analyze how China has strived to develop its world-class research universities and what are distinguishing characteristics of China's efforts to form these universities for the last decades. This study begins with a review of literature and research questions. It then touches on the background and rationale of creating China's world-class university. In the third section, it examines national policies and strategies of building China's world-class research university since the mid-1990s. In the fourth section, based on national documentation and institutional strategies as well as major findings from the international survey of the Changing Academic Profession which was exercised in China in 2007, the study presents what has been achieved in the effort launched to create Chinese world-class research university and challenges facing China in this regard. The study concludes by arguing the following aspects: firstly, China has made an impressive progress of forming its world-class research university and national policies and strategies are effective; secondly, differing from the world-class research universities in the USA and the UK, the Chinese path to building a world-class research university is characterized with a top-down policy, accompanied by the growth in intensive funding from both national government and especially local authorities on few selected elite universities; and finally, the Chinese way is still receptive to Western influence and external international ranking systems or organizations; therefore, there is still a long way for China to become an internationally influential part of the higher education landscape.(HRK / Abstract übernomen)

Based on case studies of China and Japan, this study undertakes comparative research on major aspects of university curriculum and instruction-teaching activities of academics, their role in curriculum development, and their perceptions of these activities-between a mass and a universal higher education system. Major findings from the APA (Academic Profession in Asia) surveys administered in the two countries in 2011-2012 with a similar questionnaire provide hard data. However, the study also explores other contextual factors and drivers which might have affected the teaching activities undertaken by academics, their involvement in curriculum development, and their views of relevant activities. The paper argues that, although differences can be found in some aspects of the curriculum and instruction and academics' participation in these activities during the shift from the mass to universal phase of higher education, seen from the two case studies, it is less clear that the differences show the impact of transforming from mass to universal education. The national contextual factors, especially the origins of higher education and ongoing national policies in both countries, appear to play a significant role in how current academics perceived the curriculum development and instruction, and their participation in these activities. More importantly, as fundamental changes do not necessarily occur in all aspects of the curriculum and instruction, as well as the academics' views across universal and mass higher education systems, Trow's research can only be partly applied to the analysis of the curriculum and instruction in both countries. (HRK / Abstract übernommen).

The purpose of this study is to explore key aspects of the personal, educational, and professional characteristics of international faculty and their work roles at Japanese universities based on findings from a national survey of international faculty in 2017. Main findings include the following: first the demographic profile of international faculty differs from their Japanese colleagues in terms of their highest degree awarded, academic rank, and between disciplines; second, three broad types of international faculty could be practically identified, and which differ according to their size and professional roles within their institutions; third, in addition to both teaching and research, international faculty are also strongly expected to undertake any activities which cannot be accomplished by Japanese colleagues, especially help enhance the international reputation of their current universities.

The purpose of this study is to depict how the public goods of internationalizing higher education in Japan, especially inbound international students, are viewed by various stakeholders based on the main findings from semi-structured interviews. The interviewees include key persons from different levels or fields in Japan: officials from MEXT (the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology), national agencies in relation to international students and international cooperation, a national-level professional association of higher education research, both top-level and middle-level leaders of one research-intensive national university, academics from Humanities, Engineering, and Economics, administrators in charge of internationalization of their respective universities, and international students from diverse backgrounds. The study begins with a brief introduction to the research background, before presenting the analysis and main findings from the interviews. It concludes by arguing how the public good and its relationship to the internationalization of Japanese higher education are viewed and interpreted by different stakeholders, and offering brief implications for research and practice.

This study explores the multifaceted concept of \"public good(s)\" in the context of Japanese higher education. Through interviews with 11 stakeholders, including policymakers, representatives from academic associations, and institutional leaders from two national universities, the research reveals that \"public good(s)\" are perceived as societal benefits transcending individual interests, emphasizing inclusivity and open access. It underscores higher education and research's diverse roles in fostering \"public good(s)\" by cultivating enlightened citizens, generating knowledge, and promoting collaboration. The study highlights the evolving government-higher education relationship in Japan, transitioning from traditional intervention to strategic planning and policy guidance while maintaining a delicate balance between financial support and institutional autonomy. Personal backgrounds and identities shape stakeholders' interpretations and recommendations, contributing to the nuanced understanding of \"public good(s)\" in Japan's higher education landscape. The research also draws comparisons with global trends, emphasizing Japan's distinctive reliance on government funding, STEM focus, and commitment to global contributions rooted in cultural values. Ultimately, this study provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of government-higher education relationships and the concept of \"public good(s)\" in Japanese higher education. (HRK / Abstract übernommen).

The purpose of this study is to analyze different interpretations of public good(s) in the context of higher education, the contributions that higher education makes to the public good, and how these contributions are measured in Japan. The analysis draws on 17 semi-structured interviews with policy makers, presidents of national professional associations, institutional leaders, deans and professors from contrasting disciplines, and other administrators from two national universities in Japan. Firstly, all interviewees believed that Japan’s higher education could be considered to be a public good. However, they did not consider it a pure public good. Secondly, the study not only reveals a wide variety of interviewees’ interpretations of the public good, the public good of higher education, the contributions that higher education makes to the public good, and the measurement of these contributions, but also suggests to what extent interviewees’ understanding deviates from the literature. Finally, while the structure of Japan’s higher education system, including the quantitative dominance of private universities, tuition fee system, and existing oversight of the public good, may suggest that there are fewer contributions to public good in Japan’s higher education than in European continental countries, the study reveals that Japan’s higher education, including private universities, contributes the public goods, and its contributions to the public good or public goods are highly valued.

Though Japan has established one the largest higher education systems in Asia much earlier than most of the other Asian countries and some European countries, including the UK, Germany and France, except for a very few Japanese books and articles, little research has been published in Japan on this topic. This article will address the research question: how did Japan's higher education shift from massification, through to post-massification and, now, to near universal access? By examining the changes in the enrollment in Japan's higher education based on quantitative analysis, the article will provide an example of how an Asian country had experienced different stages of the growth in enrollments in higher education. Moreover, it is also argued that the major findings from Japan's case study are not necessarily consistent with the definition of the three-stage linear changes in higher education enrollment by Martin Trow.

This Handbook covers a wide range of historical perspectives, realities, research and practice of internationalization of higher education (IHE) in the global south and makes comparisons to IHE issues in the global north. Drawing on the expertise of 32 academics and policy makers based in and originating from four key regions of focus: Sub-Saharan Africa; North Africa and the Middle East; Asia Pacific; Latin America and the Caribbean. Across 24 chapters the editors and contributors provide a diverse and unparalleled expose of the status and future aspirations of institutions and nations in relation to IHE. This is the first comprehensive analysis of this growing field and expands the scope of research in the field of comparative and international education in terms of theory and policy development. Includes 36 chapters written by: Hadiza Kere Abdulrahman, Salem Abodher, Giovanni Anzola-Pardo, Aref Al Attari, Norzaini Azman, Teklu Abate Bekele, Abdellah Benahnia, Andrés Bernasconi, Daniela Craciun, Hans de Wit, Futao Huang, Jocelyne Gacel-Ávila, Evelyn Chiyevo Garwe, Javier González, Gifty Oforiwaa Gyamera, Xiao HAN, Mohamed Salah Harzallah, Bola Ibrahim, Annette Insanally, Sunwoong Kim, Aliya Kuzhabekov, Kamel Mansi, Simon McGrath, Francisco Marmolejo, Georgiana Mihut, Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Ibrahim Ogachi Oanda, Bandele Olusola Oyewole, Rakgadi Phatlane, Francisca Puyol, Laura E. Rumbley, Chika T Sehoole, Wenqin SHEN, Luz Inmaculada Madera Soriano, Wondwosen Tamrat, Juliet Thondhlana, Julie Vardhan, Chang Da Wan, Anthony Welch, Ayenachew A. Woldegiyorgis, Renée Zicman.

This article begins with a review of relevant literature and a brief introduction to dependency theory and center-periphery theory, and then it will outline major changes in general education in the United States. In the third part, the article analyzes how U.S. general education has been transferred to Japan, China, and Hong Kong; its impact on the three places; and similarities and differences in the acceptance and implementation of U.S. general education in Japan, China, and Hong Kong. The study concludes by identifying characteristics of general education in these three systems and to what extent dependency theory or center-periphery theory can explain the transfer of U.S. ideas to Japan, China, and Hong Kong with regard to the changes in their respective higher education curricula.

Few Chinese researchers are regarded as global leaders, as the pressure for rapid output prevails. Few Chinese researchers are regarded as global leaders, as the pressure for rapid output prevails.