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Novel and highly stable nitronyl nitroxide radical (NIT) derivatives were synthesized and coated on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to improve their desulfurization performance. They were characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and ESR. Thiophene in fuel was desulfurized by molecular O2, and the oxidation activity of these compounds was evaluated. At a normal temperature and pressure, the degradation rates of thiophene by four compounds in 4 h can reach 92.66%, 96.38%, 93.25% and 89.49%, respectively. The MWCNTs/NIT-F have a high special activity for the degradation of thiophene, and their desulfurization activity can be recycled for five times without a significant reduction. The mechanistic studies of MWCNTs/NIT composites show that the ammonium oxide ion is the key active intermediate in catalytic oxidative desulfurization, which provides a new choice for fuel oxidative desulfurization. The results show that NIT significantly improves the photocatalytic performance of MWCNTs.

IntroductionMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent mental illness. Antidepressants with rapid efficacy and acceptable tolerance have been investigated for many years. A preclinical study performed by our group revealed that the dysregulation of extracellular ATP is related to the pathophysiology of depression and that the medial prefrontal cortex-lateral habenula pathway is a potential cellular and neural circuit target for ATP involvement in depression-like behaviour. Moreover, through small-sample clinical trials, the group has preliminarily discovered the antidepressant effect of ATP. However, the antidepressant effects of and neural circuit mechanisms underlying ATP in depressed patients remain largely unexplored. This study pioneers the intravenous use of escitalopram in combination with oral escitalopram for the treatment of MDD, thus representing a new direction in antidepressant research.Methods and analysisThis clinical study is a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, superiority trial involving 120 MDD patients evenly divided into two groups. The experimental group will receive an intravenous injection of 10 mL ATP in 100 mL normal saline (NS) two times per day (BD) for 2 weeks, whereas the control group will receive 110 mL NS BD for 2 weeks. All of the participants will take 10 mg of oral escitalopram daily for 4 weeks, with flexible adjustment thereafter based on clinical response. Our primary outcome will be the change in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 24 (HAMD-24) score from baseline to 2 and 4 weeks. The secondary outcomes assessment (at 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 weeks) will be done by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, HAMD-24, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, Clinical Global Impression, Insomnia Severity Index, Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, Side Effect Rating Scale of Asberg, MRI, cognitive function and cytokine level analyses.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol and all of the related materials were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University (No. NFEC-2024-070, NFEC-2020-153, Guangzhou, China). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT06266715.