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Solar-driven desalination holds great promise for addressing the scarcity of global freshwater. However, salt accumulation remains a significant challenge, particularly for two-dimensional membrane materials. Inspired by aquaporins, we design a porous zwitterionic fibrous membrane that selectively transports water while rejecting Na + and Cl − , achieving efficient evaporation and salt resistance. The incorporation of porphyrin-based conjugated microporous polymers enhances photothermal conversion and antibacterial properties, while zwitterionic groups and porous structure disrupt high-salinity gradients, effectively preventing salt deposition. The membrane achieves an evaporation rate of 2.64 kg m −2 h −1 and a photothermal efficiency of 97.6% under 1 kW m −2 solar irradiation. Furthermore, the coupling of photothermal evaporator and thermoelectric module achieves a stable electric output (power density: 1.5 W m −2 ). This work presents a synergistic strategy for salt resistance, water purification and energy generation, advancing the design of solar-thermal-electric integrated systems. Solar-driven desalination can address global freshwater scarcity, though salt accumulation remains challenging in membrane design. Here the authors design a zwitterionic fibrous membrane which simultaneously desalinates water and generate energy.

Encapsulation of polymer chains into nanochannels of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to construct polymer-MOF hybrid materials can retain the desired properties of two disparate materials. However, the facile fabrication of such hybrids remains challenging, given the difficulty in unraveling entanglement of polymer chains and constraining them into ordered conformations. Herein, we introduce an in situ molecular weaving strategy to construct ionic polymer-MOF hybrid materials, employing shear forces and coordination interactions to untangle cationic polymer chains and guide their realignment within MOF nanochannels during framework formation. Notably, this realignment promotes uniform polymer distribution and exposes more anion-exchange sites. The resulting hybrids capture ReO 4 ¯ (a nonradioactive surrogate of 99 TcO 4 ¯ ) with a capacity of 438 mg g -1 and reach adsorption equilibrium within 20 min. Characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that the hydrophobic pores in the hybrid materials confer strong affinity toward less hydrated 99 TcO 4 ¯ anions, thereby enhancing their selectivity over competing anions. The combination of crystallinity, porosity and processability make polymer- metal-organic frameworks interesting materials but their fabrication is challenging. Here, the authors fabricate these materials via an in situ molecular weaving strategy in which the alignment of cationic polymer chains within the metal-organic frameworks is guided by shear forces and coordination interactions.

Sepsis disproportionately affects older adults and children, two immunologically vulnerable extremes of age. Yet sepsis is superimposed on distinct baselines—immunosenescence in the elderly and immune immaturity in neonates and young children—leading to different pathways toward immune failure. This comparative narrative review synthesizes clinical and experimental evidence on age-specific and shared alterations in lymphocyte subsets in sepsis, including lymphopenia; CD4 + and CD8 + T cell activation, apoptosis, and exhaustion; B cell depletion and impaired antibody production; NK cell cytotoxic defects; and dynamic regulatory circuits such as Tregs. Recognizing that early organ injury is initiated and amplified primarily by innate immune programs, we frame lymphocyte injury largely as a downstream cost of the acute host-response milieu that can become rate-limiting for immune recovery, secondary infections, and late mortality. We highlight convergent phenotypes linked to secondary infections and late mortality, while emphasizing differences in kinetics, mechanisms, and recovery potential. We propose an age-stratified approach to serial immune monitoring and biomarker-enriched trial design to guide immunoadjuvant therapies and avoid one-size-fits-all immunomodulation. Clarifying these trajectories may improve risk stratification and outcomes across the lifespan.

Donor‒acceptor covalent organic frameworks (D‒A COFs) have been regarded as promising materials for photocatalytic water splitting because of their tunable band gaps. However, their efficiency is hindered by fast charge recombination and low photostability. Herein, we proposed a donor structural engineering strategy for improving the photocatalytic activity of D‒A COFs to tackle these problems. Two benzothiadiazole‐based D‒A COFs (DHU‐COF‐BB and DHU‐COF‐BP) with distinct donors were prepared for photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER). As a comparison, DHU‐COF‐TB without benzothiadiazole moieties was also designed and synthesized. Impressively, the photocatalytic H2 production rate of DHU‐COF‐BB reaches 12.80 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light irradiation (≥420 nm), which was nearly 2.0 and 3.1 times higher than that of DHU‐COF‐BP (6.47 mmol g−1 h−1) and DHU‐COF‐TB (4.06 mmol g−1 h−1), respectively. In addition, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of DHU‐COF‐BB was up to 5.04% at 420 nm. Photocatalytic and electrochemical measurements indicate that the enhanced hydrogen evolution activity of DHU‐COF‐BB can be ascribed to the introduction of appropriate benzene moiety into the donors, which increases the charge separation efficiency and thereby suppresses the electron‒hole recombination. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that both triphenylamine and benzothiadiazole units are the main active sites for HER over the DHU‐COF‐BB. This work provides new insight into the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of D‒A COFs by a donor structural engineering strategy. A donor structural engineering strategy is proposed to construct donor–acceptor covalent organic frameworks (D–A COFs) for photocatalytic H2 evolution from water. By incorporating appropriate benzene moiety into the donor, the as‐obtained DHU‐COF‐BB exhibited a photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 12.80 mmol g‒1 h‒1 and apparent quantum efficiency of 5.04% at 420 nm.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome induced by infection, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, and responsible for over 11 million deaths worldwide annually. Recent studies have demonstrated that immune dysfunction represents a core element in the pathophysiology of sepsis, in which cluster of differentiation 8–positive (CD8+) T cells, as key executors of cellular immunity, play a critical role in immune dysregulation. This review systematically elaborates on the quantitative changes, functional status, and molecular regulatory mechanisms of CD8+ T cells in sepsis, including abnormalities in metabolic reprogramming, cell death pathways, transcriptional regulation, and intercellular communication. Additionally, it explores potential therapeutic strategies targeting CD8+ T cells, such as immune checkpoint modulation, cell death intervention, and metabolic regulation, and offers an outlook on future research directions, aiming to provide novel insights for immunotherapy in sepsis.

To provide more external knowledge for training self-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms, this paper proposes a maximum mean discrepancy-based SSL (MMD-SSL) algorithm, which trains a well-performing classifier by iteratively refining the classifier using highly confident unlabeled samples. The MMD-SSL algorithm performs three main steps. First, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is trained based on the labeled samples and is then used to assign labels to unlabeled samples. Second, the unlabeled samples are divided into multiple groups with the k-means clustering algorithm. Third, the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) criterion is used to measure the distribution consistency between k-means-clustered samples and MLP-classified samples. The samples having a consistent distribution are labeled as highly confident samples and used to retrain the MLP. The MMD-SSL algorithm performs an iterative training until all unlabeled samples are consistently labeled. We conducted extensive experiments on 29 benchmark data sets to validate the rationality and effectiveness of the MMD-SSL algorithm. Experimental results show that the generalization capability of the MLP algorithm can gradually improve with the increase of labeled samples and the statistical analysis demonstrates that the MMD-SSL algorithm can provide better testing accuracy and kappa values than 10 other self-training and co-training SSL algorithms.

Chronic periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory and destructive oral disease, and its primary treatment is to control the development of inflammation and promote the regeneration of periodontal tissue. Psoralen (Pso) has been shown to promote the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for osteogenic regeneration. Network pharmacology and transcriptomic sequencing were exploited to screen target genes of Pso in PDLSCs, lentiviruses were employed to interfere with the target gene, and RT-qPCR was conducted to assess the expression levels of osteogenesis-related factors. Pso-loaded mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA-Pso) nanoparticles were constructed and evaluated , and osteogenesis was assessed in rats with alveolar bone defects. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was a potential target of Pso, and Pso significantly modulated the expression levels of mTOR in PDLSCs and markedly enhanced osteogenic differentiation. However, Pso did not significantly alter osteogenesis-related genes in PDLSCs after mTOR-inhibitor treatment. We also confirmed that MPDA-Pso nanoparticles promoted the expression of osteogenesis-related genes in PDLSCs; and compared with the control group, observed that the mass of new bone was augmented in the MPDA-Pso group. Pso was shown to promote the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, and we postulate that this differentiation was facilitated in the LPS-induced inflammatory microenvironment via inhibition of the autophagy-related mTOR-signaling pathway. Additionally, the MPDA-Pso nanoparticles we developed promoted osteogenesis.

The main objective of this research was to develop a model for predicting weather-induced volumetric changes. Based on the unique soil properties of cracked expansive clays, the model included flow-through estimations and heave-settlement predictions. The water content and volume change were trained using long-term monitoring data (1960–1968) in Regina (Canada). The water flux was found to increase from − 0.3 mm/day to − 0.05 mm/day (1960–1963), followed by a further increase to 0.1 mm/day (1964–1965), and then by a bounce back to − 0.2 mm/day (1966–1968). The monthly flux-in and flux-out closely matched one another because evaporation equalled infiltration whereas snowmelt resulted in runoff. The water content varied during summer following a cyclic trend with an initial decrease in April–June and a subsequent rebound in July–October. This delay is due to the slow advance of the wetting front through the soil profile that subdued large variations in surface saturation below 0.5 m depth. The fluctuations were high (28% to 15%) in 1960–1963 and gradually decreased (35% to 33%) in 1964–1965 and remained similar in the subsequent dry years (1966–1968). Volume changes were found to be ± 20 mm in water deficient years (1960–1963) and decreased to half (± 10 mm) in water surplus years (1964–1965) and subsequent water deficient years (1966–1968). The large surface variations gradually decreased with depth and were found to be negligible at 3.1 m below the surface due to the lower cumulative values at depth. The model was successfully validated for compacted soils with respect to depth (1.2 m and 2.0 m) as well as asphalt cover and grass cover using 2006–2007 and 2009–2010 field data.

This research developed a numerical-hierarchical framework that captured surface conditions and climate parameters. Volume changes under distinct scenarios of surface boundary, antecedent moisture, and meteorological parameters were predicted using a coupled seepage-deformation model. Risk was hierarchically based on expert judgment for surface scenarios (Stage-I indices) and normal distribution for antecedent moisture and atmospheric parameters scenarios (Stage-II indices). Results indicated seasonal volumetric changes with minor variations of −5 mm from January to April, a steady settlement of −17 mm by June, and a gradual heave of +8 mm by December. All Stage-I indices showed similar trends such that the fluctuations were highest for vegetation, followed by slope, then by cover, and lowest for loading. Volume changes gradually reduced with depth and diminished at 3.1 m. Similar seasonal and profile trends were generally found for most Stage-II indices. Nonetheless, different trends under wet and dry conditions were observed for initial water content, precipitation, and air temperature. For the datum scenario, risk was non-existent till February, increased to 2.3 by June, diminished by October, and rose back to 1.0 by December. Similar values of cyclic variations in risk were found in most urban facilities. Volume changes were found to be two times higher in parks, insignificant for roads, half for five story buildings, and one-fourth for pipes under roads. Among the Stage-II indices, risk for the initial water content inhibited seasonal variations whereas that for precipitation was about half with a wider distribution; all the other indices showed about one-third the values. Under a higher occurrence probability of 0.129, a magnified risk was observed for all the indices such that the most critical were the initial water content and precipitation.

Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response in which hyperinflammation and counter-regulatory immunosuppression often coexist and shift over time. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a central immunoregulatory cytokine in this balance. Early IL-10 signaling can restrain innate cytokine amplification, limit tissue injury, and promote tolerance; however, sustained or context-mismatched IL-10 impairs antigen presentation and antimicrobial effector functions, contributing to sepsis-associated immunoparalysis, secondary infections, and poor outcomes. We summarize the cellular sources and multilayer regulation of IL-10 in sepsis, spanning transcriptional programs, cytokine circuits, and immunometabolic remodeling. Clinically, IL-10 is rarely informative as a standalone biomarker; its utility increases when interpreted longitudinally and integrated with immune-function readouts (e.g., lymphocyte indices, monocyte HLA-DR) and broader biomarker patterns to assign host-response endotypes. We then review IL-10–linked therapeutic strategies and propose an IL-10-aware precision framework that connects biomarker trajectories to endotype-aligned treatment windows, safety guardrails, and adaptive trial designs. Integrating mechanistic insight with dynamic stratification may enable more effective, individualized host-directed interventions in sepsis.