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Background Medicinal plants have always played an important role in the history of human health. However, the populations and sustainable use of medicinal plants have been severely affected by human activities and climate change. Little is known about the current conservation status and distribution pattern of medicinal plants. In this study, based on accurate geographical distribution information of 9756 medicinal plants, we identified diversity hotspots and conservation gaps, evaluated conservation effectiveness of nature reserves, and predicted suitable habitat areas for medicinal plants in China to provide scientific guidance for their long-term conservation and sustainable use. Results A total of 150 diversity hotspot grid cells, mainly concentrated in central and southern China, were identified. These only accounted for 5% of the total distribution area but contained 96% of the medicinal plants of the country. The hotspot grid cells included all traditional hotspot areas, but we also detected three new hotspots, namely Mufu-Lushan Mountains, Tianshan-Altai Mountains, and Changbai Mountains. The current national and provincial nature reserves protect 125 hotspot grid cells, which harbor 94% of all medicinal plants. However, 25 hotspot grid cells, distributed in the Tianshan-Altai Mountains and Hengduan Mountains, are located outside the national and provincial nature reserves. An analysis of the predicted effects of climate change indicated that the suitable habitat areas will shift from southern to northern China, and that southern China will face a considerable loss of suitable habitat areas, while the east and west parts of China will encompass remarkably more suitable habitat areas in the future. Conclusions The current conservation networks have achieved high conservation effectiveness with regard to medicinal plants; however, the conservation gaps we identified should not be neglected, and conservation planning needs to take into account the predicted shifts of some hotspots of medicinal plants due to climate change.

Background The Baiku Yao is a branch of the Yao nationality in China. The unique dying process of traditional clothing employed by these people has distinct national characteristics, a profound impact on the production and life of local people, and important research value. For this reason, it is important to investigate and document the dyeing plants and the traditional knowledge involved in the dyeing of Baku Yao traditional clothing. Methodology Information on dyeing plants was obtained using the free-list method and interviews with 61 Baiku Yao informants in Guangxi and Guizhou from January 2020 to August 2021. Based on the free-list method, we evaluated and screened out important plants by calculating the cognitive salience value of each plant. Results The results showed that the people of Baiku Yao have accumulated rich traditional knowledge of dyeing plants and long-term dyeing and other processes. We collected 23 species and recorded the related traditional knowledge, such as the Baiku Yao name, life form, habitat, part(s) used, application type, usage, and area used. The utilization of dyeing plants has a strong relationship with ethnic culture. The Baiku Yao uses unique anti-dyeing material ( Ailanthus vilmoriniana ) in the cotton dyeing process, they call it “the mother tree”. As well as, the results also showed that 15 plants (65.2%) have medicinal value and can be used to treat 18 aliments, and wild plants play a very important role in the life of the Baiku Yao. Conclusion These plants not only meet the color needs of the Baiku Yao people but also have health care effects, aligning with the trends toward green dyeing and the health contentiousness of modern people. This study provides a reference for the inheritance and development of Baiku Yao traditional clothing dyeing culture, will aid the identification of new natural, safe and healthy textile dyes, and is of positive significance in promoting regional economic development, national cultural inheritance, and biodiversity protection.

Urban road system resilience is critical for managing extreme flood events, yet existing assessments predominantly focus on static indicators that capture inherent system capacity rather than dynamic responses to disturbances. This study proposes a dynamic resilience analysis framework that tracks urban road system performance under progressive flood intensities using three core indicators: road service availability (infrastructure condition), road network accessibility (user impact), and recovery speed (managerial effectiveness). Applied to Xiamen, a coastal city in China, the framework simulates four flood inundation scenarios (0.335, 1, 3, and 9 m) to monitor system‐flood interactions and identify critical thresholds. Results reveal that structural damage does not necessarily imply functional disruption, and high road density provides service redundancy, maintaining user accessibility even when some roads are flooded. The analysis identifies a current resilience threshold at 1 m inundation, which can be elevated through infrastructure upgrades. These findings demonstrate that dynamic assessment complements static approaches by revealing critical flood thresholds and vulnerable zones to enable targeted interventions—from emergency response prioritization to long‐term adaptation planning. The proposed framework offers a transferable methodology for coastal cities to diagnose their own resilience thresholds and guide evidence‐based investments, with minimal data requirements making it applicable in data‐scarce contexts.

Huizhou villages are representatives of traditional villages and have a high historical, cultural, and tourism value. In view of the problems of low commercial efficiency due to the small scale of commercial space and the imperfect layout in Longchuan Village, Jixi County, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, this research explores the spatial advantages of Longchuan Village’s commercial layout through an analysis of street and lane space syntax and a commercial space resistance model. The research on the spatial syntax of streets mainly focuses on the analysis of the spatial accessibility, line-of-sight integration, and spatial comprehensibility of Longchuan Village’s streets. The commercial space resistance model mainly studies the attraction of tourism resources to tourists in order to select the most suitable area for the layout of commercial space. The results of the analysis show the following: (1) The integration degree of traffic and the sight line is relatively high at County Road and Water Street in Longchuan Village, so these two places have better accessibility and more sight lines. (2) Longchuan Village has a good spatial understanding in a small area, so it is not suitable to distribute commercial space but rather to centralize it. (3) In the commercial space layout resistance model, the area around Water Street and Qixing Pond has the smallest spatial resistance and the greatest opportunity for population gathering, making it the most suitable for a commercial layout. On the basis of the analysis results, this paper puts forward an optimization strategy of Longchuan Village’s commercial space layout in a targeted manner to help Longchuan Village achieve a better commercial layout. The research contribution of this paper will help planners and architects to take advantage of space to plan the commercial space of traditional tourist villages so that they can exert a better commercial value and tourism effect and to promote the tourism development of traditional villages across the country.

Background Herbal tea drinks, different from classical Camellia beverages, are a wide variety of herbal drinks consumed for therapeutic purposes or health promotion. Herbal tea is widely consumed in Guangxi. However, the documentation on the plants for herbal tea and their related health benefits is still limited. Methods An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in 52 villages and 21 traditional markets in Guangxi from 2016 to 2021. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews, and structured questionnaires were applied to obtain ethnobotanical information of herbal tea, in which 463 informants had participated. Relative frequency of citation (RFC) and cultural food significance index (CFSI) were used to evaluate the most culturally significant herbal tea plants, and informant consensus factor (ICF) was applied to assess the agreement among informants. Results This study recorded 155 herbal tea species belonging to 49 families. The most commonly used parts included leaf (27.61%), whole plant (22.09%), branch and leaf (19.02%), and flower (13.50%). The most frequent preparation method of herbal tea was decoction. Herbal tea was very popular in Guangxi, attributing to its therapeutic value, special odor, and good taste. There are 41 health benefits classified into eight categories. Among them, clearing heat was the most medicinal effects. Local people had high consistency in tonic, removing cold and cough, improving blood circulation, and clearing heat away. Based on CFSI values of each species, the most culturally significant herbal tea species were Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex A. M. Lu & Zhi Y. Zhang, Plantago asiatica L., Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Pholidota chinensis Lindl., and Morus alba L. Conclusion Herbal tea is a valuable heritage that carries the local people’s traditional knowledge, like health care and religious belief. The recorded herbal tea species in this study possess tremendous potential for local economic development in the future. Further research on efficacy evaluation and product development of herbal tea species is necessary.

To improve the energy density of lithium-ion battery packs, lithium-ion batteries are gradually advancing towards large-size structures, which has become one of the dominant development trends in the battery industry. With large-size blade lithium-ion batteries as the research object, this paper develops a high-precision electro-thermal coupling model based on the relevant parameters obtained through basic performance experiments, explores the mechanism of battery inhomogeneity from a simulation perspective, and further proposes a design management method. First of all, the optimal intervals of capacity and temperature, as well as the characteristics of the inhomogeneity distribution for large-size cells, are determined by essential performance and inhomogeneity tests; subsequently, the electrochemical and thermal characteristics of the large-size battery are described precisely through a 3D thermoelectric coupling mechanism model, and the inhomogeneity of the temperature distribution is obtained through simulation; eventually, the optimized cell connection method and thermal management strategy are proposed based on the validated model. As indicated by the findings, the above solutions effectively ease the inhomogeneity of large-size cells and significantly boost the performance of large-size cells under different operating conditions.

With the rapidly growing demand for medicinal plants globally, the wild medicinal plant population is experiencing a sharp decline. Climate and land use change are two significant forces affecting biodiversity. Climate change impact assessment without changes in land use should mischaracterize medicinal plants' vulnerability and spatiotemporal distribution. Previous research on medicinal plants' potential distribution area by species distribution model (SDM) has focused more on their ecological suitability. However, whether the land‐use types within the suitable distribution area (SDA) meet the species' survival requirements is often overlooked. These imbalances place significant limitations upon the ability to guide anticipative conservation and sustainable utilization actions and weigh the future outcomes of different policy or management options. Cibotium barometz is a highly demanded medicinal plant listed as national key protected wild plant in China. For adaptive management, we assessed the suitable habitat change of C. barometz in Guangxi under the synergistic impact of climate and land use change by maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and patch‐generating land use simulation (PLUS) models between 2020 and 2040 under three Shared socio‐economic pathways and proposed adaptive management countermeasure. Results indicate that climate change accelerates the loss of C. barometz's habitat;SDA and suitable habitat show a decreasing trend; the total area of suitable habitat is decreasing, but the suitability degree is increasing. Altitude and Precipitation of Warmest Quarter are key environmental variables for C. barometz distribution; SDA shows a southwest‐northeast shift, and the average elevation is rising. The areas of cropland, forest, shrub, grassland, and barren that meet C. barometz's survival requirements are decreasing, and water and impervious surfaces are increasing. We propose an adaptive response to wild resource conservation based on the protected area system in southwestern Guangxi in parallel with artificial cultivation in northeastern Guangxi. The study aims to provide insights into the sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Cibotium barometz is a highly demanded medicinal plant listed as a national key protected wild plant in China. To achieve the sustainable utilization of C. barometz, this study proposed the adaptive management countermeasure according to the habitat change under the synergistic impact of climate and land use changes. The study aims to provide insights into the sustainable utilization of endangered medicinal plants.

ObjectiveIn China, a large number of health-related short videos are posted on video platforms, including educational videos about irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and quality of IBS-related video content on TikTok, Kwai and BiliBili.MethodsUsing ‘irritable bowel syndrome’ as the Chinese keyword, a new account was registered on each platform. On 1 November 2023, searches were conducted on TikTok, Kwai and BiliBili, and the top 100 recommended videos from each platform were analysed. After those that met the predefined exclusion criteria were removed, 244 short videos were included and evaluated for their characteristics, content, reliability and quality. Information quality was assessed using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria, Global Quality Scale (GQS) and the modified Designed Information System Containing Evaluations of Reliability and Need (DISCERN) tool. Correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between video characteristics and video reliability and quality.ResultsA total of 244 eligible short videos were included. BiliBili videos were longer than TikTok and Kwai videos (p<0.001), and TikTok videos were more popular than Kwai and BiliBili videos. The proportion of health professionals was the highest on TikTok and the lowest on BiliBili. The proportion of general users was the highest on Kwai and the lowest on TikTok. The median JAMA scores of TikTok, Kwai and BiliBili videos were 3 (IQR 2–3), 3 (IQR 2–3) and 2 (IQR 2–3), respectively. The median GQS scores of TikTok, Kwai and BiliBili videos were 3 (IQR 2–4), 3 (IQR 2–4) and 3 (IQR 3–4), and the median modified DISCERN scores were 3 (IQR 2.75–3), 3 (IQR 3–3), and 3 (IQR 2–4), respectively. Video source was an influencing factor for JAMA scores, whereas video duration and source were influencing factors for GQS scores. The number of days since publication (r=0.19, p=0.003) and duration (r=0.27, p<0.001) were positively correlated with GQS scores, whereas likes (r=0.18, p=0.004), comments (r=0.21, p=0.001) and collections (r=0.21, p=0.001) were positively correlated with modified DISCERN scores.ConclusionShort videos of IBS-related health information on TikTok, Kwai and BiliBili were of poor quality; however, videos uploaded by health professionals and science communicators were relatively more reliable and comprehensive. Thus, the public are recommended to learn about IBS-relevant information through videos uploaded by health professionals and science communicators.

Urban parks and green spaces are essential for improving the urban environment and enhancing ecological conditions. In this study, we utilize Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a foundation to comprehensively evaluate the overall condition of park green spaces in Hefei city, taking into account factors, such as quantity (including area), quality, and accessibility. Additionally, we propose corresponding optimization site selection schemes. The results indicate that (1) the parks and green spaces in the central urban area of Hefei city are more accessible in the southern and western parts, while they are less accessible in the northern and eastern parts; (2) the green spaces in the Shushan area are not closely connected, and the parks are not developed in a related manner. In the Yaohai and Baohe areas, green spaces are in conflict, and the parks are developing at a slower pace. However, in the Luyang area, park green spaces are integrated and positively developed; (3) it is suggested that five new parks are added to the research area, and the locations of the newly added parks should be consistent with the results of the accessibility analysis, so that the selected locations are more reasonable.

Intracranial infections present a significant diagnostic challenge. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived exosomes as novel diagnostic biomarkers for bacterial central nervous system infections. We enrolled nine patients from Changsha Central Hospital, forming three groups: culture-confirmed intracranial infection (n=3), cerebral hemorrhage with bloody CSF (n=3), and cerebral hemorrhage with clear CSF (n=3). Exosomes were isolated from CSF via ultracentrifugation and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis to assess morphology, concentration, and particle size. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed. Exosomes were successfully detected in all but one clear-CSF patient. The infected CSF group exhibited a significantly higher mean exosome concentration (1.37e+11 ± 4.40e+10 particles/ml) compared to the bloody (4.08e+9 ± 1.95e+9 particles/ml) and clear CSF groups (1.10e+9 ± 0.56e+9 particles/ml; both p<0.001). Exosome diameter was also significantly larger in infected CSF (167.78 ± 18.65 nm) than in bloody (146.63 ± 6.92 nm) and clear CSF (123.77 ± 13.68 nm; both p<0.001). This study demonstrates that both the concentration and size of CSF exosomes are significantly elevated in patients with intracranial infections. These findings suggest CSF exosomes hold promise as valuable diagnostic biomarkers, though validation in larger cohorts is necessary to confirm their clinical utility.