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هل الكتاب المقدس مجرد كتاب ديني عادي، کیف تمت كتابة العهدين القديم والجديد ودمجهما معا، ما هي العلاقة بين نصوص الكتاب المقدس وكتابات الحضارات الأخرى، كيف أن الكتاب المقدس في العالم وكيف أثر الكتاب المقدس في العالم وكيف تأثر به ؟، من هم الشخصيات الرئيسية من الأول الخطوطات الجلدية وحتى الكتاب المطبوع ؟، كيف انتشر الكتاب المقدس في جميع أنحاء العالم ؟، كيف نفهم أو لا نفهم النصوص المختلفة في الكتاب المقدس ؟، : فيما سبق مجرد حفنة قليلة من طفيف هائل من الأسئلة التي يجيب عنها هذا الكتاب الرائع، والذي يتناول كل ما يتعلق بالكتاب المقدس منذ فترة التكوين وحتى وقتنا الحاضر، ويعرضها مصحوبة بصور ورسوم، بديعة ملونة، وبأسلوب يجمع بين العمق واليسر، وبين الإمتاع والإقناع، هذا الكتاب ليس كتابا عاديا أو بسيطا إنه مرجع هام لكل متخصص ودارس، وکتاب مفيد لكل قاريء، راغب في المعرفة والإطلاع، حيث أنه يقدم فکرا جديدا، مبنها على دراسات وبحوث عشرات العلماء الذين قضوا عقودا في عمل جاد وبحث مضني.
Book
Political Homophily in Social Relationships
Do people form relationships based upon political similarity? Past work has shown that social relationships are more politically similar than expected by chance, but the reason for this concordance is unclear. Is it because people prefer politically similar others, or is it attributable to confounding factors such as convergence, social structures, and sorting on nonpolitical characteristics? Addressing this question is challenging because we typically do not observe partners prior to relationship formation. Consequently, we leverage the domain of online dating. We first conducted a nationwide experiment in which we randomized political characteristics in dating profiles. Second, we analyzed behavioral data from a national online dating community. We find that people evaluate potential dating partners more favorably and are more likely to reach out to them when they have similar political characteristics. The magnitude of the effect is comparable to that of educational homophily and half as large as racial homophily.
Journal Article
Structure of the lysosomal mTORC1–TFEB–Rag–Ragulator megacomplex
The transcription factor TFEB is a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy
1
. The phosphorylation of TFEB by the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)
2
–
5
is unique in its mTORC1 substrate recruitment mechanism, which is strictly dependent on the amino acid-mediated activation of the RagC GTPase activating protein FLCN
6
,
7
. TFEB lacks the TOR signalling motif responsible for the recruitment of other mTORC1 substrates. We used cryogenic-electron microscopy to determine the structure of TFEB as presented to mTORC1 for phosphorylation, which we refer to as the ‘megacomplex’. Two full Rag–Ragulator complexes present each molecule of TFEB to the mTOR active site. One Rag–Ragulator complex is bound to Raptor in the canonical mode seen previously in the absence of TFEB. A second Rag–Ragulator complex (non-canonical) docks onto the first through a RagC GDP-dependent contact with the second Ragulator complex. The non-canonical Rag dimer binds the first helix of TFEB with a RagC
GDP
-dependent aspartate clamp in the cleft between the Rag G domains. In cellulo mutation of the clamp drives TFEB constitutively into the nucleus while having no effect on mTORC1 localization. The remainder of the 108-amino acid TFEB docking domain winds around Raptor and then back to RagA. The double use of RagC GDP contacts in both Rag dimers explains the strong dependence of TFEB phosphorylation on FLCN and the RagC GDP state.
Cryogenic-electron microscopy is used to determine the structure of TFEB as presented to mTORC1 for phosphorylation and an explanation is found for the strong dependence of TFEB phosphorylation on FLCN and the RagC GDP state.
Journal Article
The Policy Basis of Measured Partisan Animosity in the United States
Understanding and addressing the consequences of partisan animosity requires knowledge of its foundations. To what extent is animosity between partisan groups motivated by dislike for partisan outgroups per se, policy disagreement, or other social group conflicts? In many circumstances, including extant experimental research, these patterns are observationally equivalent. In a series of vignette evaluation experiments, we estimate effects of shared partisanship when additional information is or is not present, and we benchmark these effects against shared policy preference effects. Partisanship effects are about 71% as large as shared policy preference effects when each is presented in isolation. When an independently randomized party and policy position are presented together, partisanship effects decrease substantially, by about 52%, whereas policy effects remain large, decreasing by about 10%. These results suggest that common measures of partisan animosity may capture programmatic conflict more so than social identity-based partisan hostility.
Journal Article
Subcycle contact-free nanoscopy of ultrafast interlayer transport in atomically thin heterostructures
Tunnelling is one of the most fundamental manifestations of quantum mechanics. The recent advent of lightwave-driven scanning tunnelling microscopy has revolutionized ultrafast nanoscience by directly resolving electron tunnelling in electrically conducting samples on the relevant ultrashort length- and timescales. Here, we introduce a complementary approach based on terahertz near-field microscopy to perform ultrafast nano-videography of tunnelling processes even in insulators. The central idea is to probe the evolution of the local polarizability of electron–hole pairs with evanescent terahertz fields, which we detect with subcycle temporal resolution. In a proof of concept, we resolve femtosecond interlayer transport in van der Waals heterobilayers and reveal pronounced variations of the local formation and annihilation of interlayer excitons on deeply subwavelength, nanometre scales. Such contact-free nanoscopy of tunnelling-induced dynamics should be universally applicable to conducting and non-conducting samples and reveal how ultrafast transport processes shape functionalities in a wide range of condensed matter systems.Subcycle nano-videography of charge-transfer dynamics in WSe2/WS2 heterostructures is obtained by using a terahertz near-field microscopy. The central idea is to probe the local polarizability of electron–hole pairs with evanescent terahertz fields.
Journal Article
Femtosecond photo-switching of interface polaritons in black phosphorus heterostructures
Surface phonons of SiO
2
can couple with photogenerated plasmon polaritons in black phosphorous to make coherent transient hybrid modes with constant energy and momentum
The possibility of hybridizing collective electronic motion with mid-infrared light to form surface polaritons has made van der Waals layered materials a versatile platform for extreme light confinement
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
and tailored nanophotonics
6
,
7
,
8
. Graphene
9
,
10
and its heterostructures
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
have attracted particular attention because the absence of an energy gap allows plasmon polaritons to be tuned continuously. Here, we introduce black phosphorus
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
19
as a promising new material in surface polaritonics that features key advantages for ultrafast switching. Unlike graphene, black phosphorus is a van der Waals bonded semiconductor, which enables high-contrast interband excitation of electron–hole pairs by ultrashort near-infrared pulses. Here, we design a SiO
2
/black phosphorus/SiO
2
heterostructure in which the surface phonon modes of the SiO
2
layers hybridize with surface plasmon modes in black phosphorus that can be activated by photo-induced interband excitation. Within the Reststrahlen band of SiO
2
, the hybrid interface polariton assumes surface-phonon-like properties, with a well-defined frequency and momentum and excellent coherence. During the lifetime of the photogenerated electron–hole plasma, coherent hybrid polariton waves can be launched by a broadband mid-infrared pulse coupled to the tip of a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy set-up. The scattered radiation allows us to trace the new hybrid mode in time, energy and space. We find that the surface mode can be activated within ∼50 fs and disappears within 5 ps, as the electron–hole pairs in black phosphorus recombine. The excellent switching contrast and switching speed, the coherence properties and the constant wavelength of this transient mode make it a promising candidate for ultrafast nanophotonic devices.
Journal Article
Is Affective Polarization Driven by Identity, Loyalty, or Substance?
Partisan Americans like members of their own party more than members of the opposing party. Scholars often interpret this as evidence that party identity or loyalty influence interpersonal affect. First, we reassess previous studies and demonstrate that prior results are also consistent with what we would predict if people cared only about policy agreement. Next, we demonstrate the difficulty of manipulating perceptions of party identity without also manipulating beliefs about policy agreement and vice versa. Finally, we show that partisans care much more about policy agreement than they do about party loyalty when the two come into conflict. Our analyses suggest that partisan Americans care about policy agreement; we have little convincing evidence that they care about partisan identity or loyalty per se, and scholars will have to find new research designs if they want to convincingly estimate the effects of identity or loyalty independent of policy substance.
Journal Article
Multimorbidity, health care utilization and costs in an elderly community-dwelling population: a claims data based observational study
Background
Chronic conditions and multimorbidity have become one of the main challenges in health care worldwide. However, data on the burden of multimorbidity are still scarce. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between multimorbidity and the health care utilization and costs in the Swiss community-dwelling population, taking into account several sociodemographic factors.
Methods
The study population consists of 229'493 individuals aged 65 or older who were insured in 2013 by the Helsana Group, the leading health insurer in Switzerland, covering all 26 Swiss cantons. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more chronic conditions of a list of 22 conditions that were identified using an updated measure of the Pharmacy-based Cost Group model. The number of consultations (total and divided by primary care physicians and specialists), the number of different physicians contacted, the type of physician contact (face-to-face, phone, and home visits), the number of hospitalisations and the length of stay were assessed separately for the multimorbid and non-multimorbid sample. The costs (total and divided by inpatient and outpatient costs) covered by the compulsory health insurance were calculated for both samples. Multiple linear regression modelling was conducted to adjust for influencing factors: age, sex, linguistic region, purchasing power, insurance plan, and nursing dependency.
Results
Prevalence of multimorbidity was 76.6%. The mean number of consultations per year was 15.7 in the multimorbid compared to 4.4 in the non-multimorbid sample. Total costs were 5.5 times higher in multimorbid patients. Each additional chronic condition was associated with an increase of 3.2 consultations and increased costs of 33%. Strong positive associations with utilization and costs were also found for nursing dependency. Multimorbid patients were 5.6 times more likely to be hospitalised. Furthermore, results revealed a significant age-gender interaction and a socioeconomic gradient.
Conclusions
Multimorbidity is associated with substantial higher health care utilization and costs in Switzerland. Quantified data on the current burden of multimorbidity are fundamental for the management of patients in health service delivery systems and for health care policy debates about resource allocation. Strategies for a better coordination of multimorbid patients are urgently needed.
Journal Article
Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk
We examine the trade-offs associated with using Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) interface for subject recruitment. We first describe MTurk and its promise as a vehicle for performing low-cost and easy-to-field experiments. We then assess the internal and external validity of experiments performed using MTurk, employing a framework that can be used to evaluate other subject pools. We first investigate the characteristics of samples drawn from the MTurk population. We show that respondents recruited in this manner are often more representative of the U.S. population than in-person convenience samples—the modal sample in published experimental political science—but less representative than subjects in Internet-based panels or national probability samples. Finally, we replicate important published experimental work using MTurk samples.
Journal Article
Towards a DNA Barcode Reference Database for Spiders and Harvestmen of Germany
As part of the German Barcode of Life campaign, over 3500 arachnid specimens have been collected and analyzed: ca. 3300 Araneae and 200 Opiliones, belonging to almost 600 species (median: 4 individuals/species). This covers about 60% of the spider fauna and more than 70% of the harvestmen fauna recorded for Germany. The overwhelming majority of species could be readily identified through DNA barcoding: median distances between closest species lay around 9% in spiders and 13% in harvestmen, while in 95% of the cases, intraspecific distances were below 2.5% and 8% respectively, with intraspecific medians at 0.3% and 0.2%. However, almost 20 spider species, most notably in the family Lycosidae, could not be separated through DNA barcoding (although many of them present discrete morphological differences). Conspicuously high interspecific distances were found in even more cases, hinting at cryptic species in some instances. A new program is presented: DiStats calculates the statistics needed to meet DNA barcode release criteria. Furthermore, new generic COI primers useful for a wide range of taxa (also other than arachnids) are introduced.
Journal Article