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اقتصاديات التأمين : تخليق القيمة للمساهمين في شركات التأمين
إن أكبر قيمة لأسهم المساهمين تحققها شركات التأمين التي تمتلك القدرة على تشخيص أفضل فرص العمل، وتتميز بأعلى كفاءة تشغيلية. إن وضع إطار لقياس القيمة سيؤدي بدوره إلى تعزيز فهم أفضل لمسألة القيمة فيما يخص شركات التأمين وإعادة التأمين. يقدم هذا الكتاب، هذا النوع من الإطار اللازم لفهم وقياس تخليق القيمة بالإستناد إلى تحليل متأن للمبادىء الإقتصادية الساسية التي يقوم عليها نشاط التأمين. ويركز هذا الإطار، على وجه الخصوص، على ضرورة الأخذ بالحسبان تكلفة.
Book
Comparison of ultrashort pulse ablation of gold in air and water by time-resolved experiments
Laser ablation in liquids is a highly interdisciplinary method at the intersection of physics and chemistry that offers the unique opportunity to generate surfactant-free and stable nanoparticles from virtually any material. Over the last decades, numerous experimental and computational studies aimed to reveal the transient processes governing laser ablation in liquids. Most experimental studies investigated the involved processes on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to microseconds. However, the ablation dynamics occurring on a sub-nanosecond timescale are of fundamental importance, as the conditions under which nanoparticles are generated are established within this timeframe. Furthermore, experimental investigations of the early timescales are required to test computational predictions. We visualize the complete spatiotemporal picosecond laser-induced ablation dynamics of gold immersed in air and water using ultrafast pump-probe microscopy. Transient reflectivity measurements reveal that the water confinement layer significantly influences the ablation dynamics on the entire investigated timescale from picoseconds to microseconds. The influence of the water confinement layer includes the electron injection and subsequent formation of a dense plasma on a picosecond timescale, the confinement of ablation products within hundreds of picoseconds, and the generation of a cavitation bubble on a nanosecond timescale. Moreover, we are able to locate the temporal appearance of secondary nanoparticles at about 600 ps after pulse impact. The results support computational predictions and provide valuable insight into the early-stage ablation dynamics governing laser ablation in liquids.Ultrafast dynamics of laser ablation of gold in water revealed by pump-probe microscopy on a picosecond to microsecond timescale.
Journal Article
Materials Cloud, a platform for open computational science
Materials Cloud is a platform designed to enable open and seamless sharing of resources for computational science, driven by applications in materials modelling. It hosts (1) archival and dissemination services for raw and curated data, together with their provenance graph, (2) modelling services and virtual machines, (3) tools for data analytics, and pre-/post-processing, and (4) educational materials. Data is citable and archived persistently, providing a comprehensive embodiment of entire simulation pipelines (calculations performed, codes used, data generated) in the form of graphs that allow retracing and reproducing any computed result. When an AiiDA database is shared on Materials Cloud, peers can browse the interconnected record of simulations, download individual files or the full database, and start their research from the results of the original authors. The infrastructure is agnostic to the specific simulation codes used and can support diverse applications in computational science that transcend its initial materials domain.
Journal Article
AiiDA 1.0, a scalable computational infrastructure for automated reproducible workflows and data provenance
The ever-growing availability of computing power and the sustained development of advanced computational methods have contributed much to recent scientific progress. These developments present new challenges driven by the sheer amount of calculations and data to manage. Next-generation exascale supercomputers will harden these challenges, such that automated and scalable solutions become crucial. In recent years, we have been developing AiiDA (aiida.net), a robust open-source high-throughput infrastructure addressing the challenges arising from the needs of automated workflow management and data provenance recording. Here, we introduce developments and capabilities required to reach sustained performance, with AiiDA supporting throughputs of tens of thousands processes/hour, while automatically preserving and storing the full data provenance in a relational database making it queryable and traversable, thus enabling high-performance data analytics. AiiDA’s workflow language provides advanced automation, error handling features and a flexible plugin model to allow interfacing with external simulation software. The associated plugin registry enables seamless sharing of extensions, empowering a vibrant user community dedicated to making simulations more robust, user-friendly and reproducible.
Journal Article
A Sensor Probe with Active and Passive Humidity Management for In Situ Soil CO2 Monitoring
Soil CO2 concentration and flux measurements are important in diverse fields, including geoscience, climate science, soil ecology, and agriculture. However, practitioners in these fields face difficulties with existing soil CO2 gas probes, which have had problems with high costs and frequent failures when deployed. Confronted with a recent research project’s need for long-term in-soil CO2 monitoring at a large number of sites in harsh environmental conditions, we developed our own CO2 logging system to reduce expense and avoid the expected failures of commercial instruments. Our newly developed soil probes overcome the central challenge of soil gas probes—surviving continuous exposure to soil moisture while remaining open to soil gases—via three approaches: a 3D printed housing (economical for small-scale production) following design principles that correct the usual water permeability flaw of 3D printed materials; passive moisture protection via a hydrophobic, CO2-permeable PTFE membrane; and active moisture protection via a low-power micro-dehumidifier. Our CO2 instrumentation performed well and yielded a high-quality dataset that includes signals related to a prescribed fire as well as seasonal and diel cycles. We expect our technology to support underground CO2 monitoring in fields where it is already practiced and stimulate its expansion into diverse new fields.
Journal Article
Autumn shifts in cold tolerance metabolites in overwintering adult mountain pine beetles
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major forest pest of pines in western North America. Beetles typically undergo a one-year life cycle with larval cold hardening in preparation for overwintering. Two-year life cycle beetles have been observed but not closely studied. This study tracks cold-hardening and preparation for overwintering by adult mountain pine beetles in their natal galleries. Adults were collected in situ between September and December 2016 for a total of nine time points during 91 days. Concentrations of 41 metabolites in these pooled samples were assessed using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Levels of glycerol and proline increased significantly with lowering temperature during the autumn. Newly eclosed mountain pine beetles appear to prepare for winter by generating the same cold-tolerance compounds found in other insect larvae including mountain pine beetle, but high on-site mortality suggested that two-year life cycle adults have a less efficacious acclimation process. This is the first documentation of cold acclimation metabolite production in overwintering new adult beetles and is evidence of physiological plasticity that would allow evolution by natural selection of alternate life cycles (shortened or lengthened) under a changing climate or during expansion into new geoclimatic areas.
Journal Article
Interplay between disorder and electronic correlations in compositionally complex alloys
Owing to their exceptional mechanical, electronic, and phononic transport properties, compositionally complex alloys, including high-entropy alloys, represent an important class of materials. However, the interplay between chemical disorder and electronic correlations, and its influence on electronic structure-derived properties, remains largely unexplored. This is addressed for the archetypal CrMnFeCoNi alloy using resonant and valence band photoemission spectroscopy, electrical resistivity, and optical conductivity measurements, complemented by linear response calculations based on density functional theory. Utilizing dynamical mean-field theory, correlation signatures and damping in the spectra are identified, highlighting the significance of many-body effects, particularly in states distant from the Fermi edge. Electronic transport remains dominated by disorder and potentially short-range order, especially at low temperatures, while visible-spectrum optical conductivity and high-temperature transport are influenced by short quasiparticle lifetimes. These findings improve our understanding of element-specific electronic correlations in compositionally complex alloys and facilitate the development of advanced materials with tailored electronic properties.
Compositionally complex alloys have attracted significant attention recently, but the role of electronic correlations in these materials is unknown. Redka et al. study the CrMnFeCoNi alloy using a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques, revealing strong correlation effects far from the Fermi edge.
Journal Article
Disentangling Detoxification: Gene Expression Analysis of Feeding Mountain Pine Beetle Illuminates Molecular-Level Host Chemical Defense Detoxification Mechanisms
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is a native species of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that caused unprecedented damage to the pine forests of British Columbia and other parts of western North America and is currently expanding its range into the boreal forests of central and eastern Canada and the USA. We conducted a large-scale gene expression analysis (RNA-seq) of mountain pine beetle male and female adults either starved or fed in male-female pairs for 24 hours on lodgepole pine host tree tissues. Our aim was to uncover transcripts involved in coniferophagous mountain pine beetle detoxification systems during early host colonization. Transcripts of members from several gene families significantly increased in insects fed on host tissue including: cytochromes P450, glucosyl transferases and glutathione S-transferases, esterases, and one ABC transporter. Other significantly increasing transcripts with potential roles in detoxification of host defenses included alcohol dehydrogenases and a group of unexpected transcripts whose products may play an, as yet, undiscovered role in host colonization by mountain pine beetle.
Journal Article
Dynamic body-weight support to boost rehabilitation outcomes in patients with non-traumatic spinal cord injury: an observational study
Background
Dynamic body-weight support (DBWS) may play an important role in rehabilitation outcomes, but the potential benefit among disease-specific populations is unclear. In this study, we hypothesize that overground therapy with DBWS during inpatient rehabilitation yields greater functional improvement than standard-of-care in adults with non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NT-SCI).
Methods
This retrospective cohort study included individuals diagnosed with NT-SCI and undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. All participants were recruited at a freestanding inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Individuals who trained with DBWS for at least three sessions were allocated to the experimental group. Participants in the historical control group received standard-of-care (i.e., no DBWS). The primary outcome was change in the Functional Independence Measure scores (FIM
gain
).
Results
During an inpatient rehabilitation course, participants in the experimental group (n = 11), achieved a mean (SD) FIM
gain
of 48 (11) points. For the historical control group (n = 11), participants achieved a mean (SD) FIM
gain
of 36 (12) points. From admission to discharge, both groups demonstrated a statistically significant FIM
gain
. Between groups analysis revealed no significant difference in FIM
gain
(p = 0.022; 95% CI 2.0–22) after a post hoc correction for multiple comparisons. In a secondary subscore analysis, the experimental group achieved significantly higher gains in sphincter control (p = 0.011: 95% CI 0.83–5.72) with a large effect size (Cohen’s
d
1.19). Locomotion subscores were not significantly different (p = 0.026; 95% CI 0.37–5.3) nor were the remaining subscores in self-care, mobility, cognition, and social cognition.
Conclusions
This is the first study to explore the impact of overground therapy with DBWS on inpatient rehabilitation outcomes for persons with NT-SCI. Overground therapy with DBWS appears to significantly improve functional gains in sphincter control compared to the standard-of-care. Gains achieved in locomotion, mobility, cognition, and social cognition did not meet significance. Findings from the present study will benefit from future large prospective and randomized studies.
Journal Article
Parity-dependent state transfer for direct entanglement generation
As quantum information technologies advance, challenges in scaling and connectivity persist, particularly the need for long-range qubit connectivity and efficient entanglement generation. Perfect State Transfer enables time-optimal state transfer between distant qubits using only nearest-neighbor couplings, enhancing device connectivity. Moreover, the transfer protocol results in effective parity-dependent non-local interactions, extending its utility to entanglement generation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate Perfect State Transfer and multi-qubit entanglement generation on a chain of six superconducting transmon qubits with tunable couplers, controlled via parametric drives. By simultaneously activating and engineering all couplings, we implement the transfer for up to six qubits, verifying single-excitation dynamics for different initial states. Extending the protocol to multiple excitations, we confirm its parity-dependent nature, where excitation number controls the phase of the transferred state. Finally, leveraging this property, we prepare a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state using a single transfer operation, showcasing potential of Perfect State Transfer for efficient entanglement generation.
Perfect State Transfer is known to time-optimally connect distant nodes in a network. Here, the authors implement it on a chain of superconducting qubits and demonstrate that it also serves as a powerful tool for generating multi-qubit entanglement.
Journal Article