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The paleomagnetic record is an archive of Earth’s geophysical history, informing reconstructions of ancient plate motions and probing the core via the geodynamo. We report a robust 3.25-billion-year-old (Ga) paleomagnetic pole from the East Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Together with previous results from the East Pilbara between 3.34 and 3.18 Ga, this pole enables the oldest reconstruction of time-resolved lithospheric motions, documenting 160 My of both latitudinal drift and rotation at rates of at least 0.55°/My. Motions of this style, rate, and duration are difficult to reconcile with true polar wander or stagnant-lid geodynamics, arguing strongly for mobile-lid geodynamics by 3.25 Ga. Additionally, this pole includes the oldest documented geomagnetic reversal, reflecting a stably dipolar, core-generated Archean dynamo.

Atmospheric deposition of inhalable and respirable airborne particulate matter contributes to lake sediments, providing a mineralogical and chemical record of what was in the air at the time of deposition. A subset of respirable airborne particulate matter referred to as elongate mineral particles (EMPs) are of special interest because of their potential for aggravating or inducing diseases. Dust-generating anthropogenic activities such as mining contribute to the atmospheric load of these particles. Because atmospheric exposure to certain minerals increases the risk of developing the asbestos-related disease mesothelioma, and because of mesothelioma’s long latency period, characterizing EMPs preserved in lake sediments can provide historical insights about what was in the air around mining operations and nearby communities. Sediments from two lakes located in northern Minnesota’s iron mining district, the Mesabi Iron Range, were therefore targeted for retrospective characterization of accumulated particulate matter and other geochemical indicators related to human development. Catchment development, including urban development and mining activities, were clearly visible in geochemical strata early in the twentieth century. Detrital minerals characteristic to local bedrock comprised a baseline of downcore particles, but peak mining periods were characterized by corresponding increases in EMPs likely derived from mining and ore processing facilities. While separating and distinguishing between atmospheric and surface runoff sources is challenging, stratigraphic results from age-dated lake sediment have potential to track fugitive dust fallout from historic iron ore and taconite mining activity and may indicate prevailing atmospheric concentrations of commercial asbestos.

The Storm Studies in the Arctic (STAR) network (2007–2010) conducted a major meteorological field project from 10 October–30 November 2007 and in February 2008, focused on southern Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada—a region that experiences intense autumn and winter storms. The STAR research program is concerned with the documentation, better understanding, and improved prediction of meteorological and related hazards in the Arctic, including their modification by local topography and land–sea ice–ocean transitions, and their effect on local communities. To optimize the applicability of STAR network science, we are also communicating with the user community (northern communities and government sectors). STAR has obtained a variety of surface-based and unique research aircraft field measurements, high-resolution modeling products, and remote sensing measurements (including Cloudsat) as part of its science strategy and has the first arctic Cloudsat validation dataset. In total, 14 research flights were flown between 5 and 30 November 2007, with eight coinciding with Cloudsat passes. The aircraft was outfitted with many instruments that measure cloud microphysical parameters and three unique Doppler-polarized airborne radars operating in Ka, X and W bands. The project area, instrumentation platforms, real-time forecasts, storm cases, and results thus far are discussed in this article. A number of synoptic and mesoscale features were sampled—such as fronts, upslope/terrain-enhanced precipitation, convective precipitation, and boundary layer clouds/precipitation—as well as targeted Cloudsat missions. One significant and unique event included a research flight into an intense high-latitude storm leftover from Hurricane Noel—an intense tropical and extratropical disturbance that caused many fatalities in the tropics and extensive damage on the eastern North American seaboard. These synoptic and mesoscale features and high-latitude storms will be studied in detail over the next several years. It is anticipated that scientific progress in better understanding the nature of these arctic storms and their hazards will lead to improved conceptual models and improved prediction of such events.

Incorporation of radioactive adenine into DNA has recently been used as a measure of total microbial production in marine environments, sometimes with unexpected results. We have examined two of the assumptions on which the method is based, particularly regarding the distribution of adenine uptake and nucleic acid content in mixed natural microbial assemblages. Size fractionation, autoradiography, and metabolic inhibition dat indicate that the requirement that bacteria, algae, and protozoa have a uniform uptake and metabolism of added dissolved adenine does not appear to hold. In systems where the biomass and productivity were greatly dominated by large phytoplankton, bacteria took up almost all of the adenine added at nanomolar concentrations. A separate experiment with marine ciliates also showed adenine uptake by eucaryotes to be negligible compared to that by bacteria. The method requires a measurement of microbial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) specific activity. In our experiments this quantity would be dominated by ATP in the eucaryotes that took up negligible adenine. In this situation, mostly eucaryotic biomass and not production would influence the \"total microbial production\" measurement. Second, the C: DNA ratio of 50 used in reports to date is too high for natural bacteria, which have a ratio closer to 5. We conclude that the method is likely to have produced large overestimates of production and that variations (e.g. with depth) may not reflect growth rates, but rather a complicated combination of activities and ratios of eucaryotic: procaryotic biomasses.

Donald F. Barr, J. Noorduyn, A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi, Leiden: KITLV Press, (Bibliographical Series 18), 1991, xiv + 245 pp., maps, index. - J. Boneschansker, H. Reenders, Alternatieve zending, Ottho Gerhard Heldring (1804-1876) en de verbreiding van het christendom in Nederlands-Indië, Kampen, 1991. - H.J.M. Claessen, Albert B. Robillard, Social change in the Pacific Islands. London & New York: Kegan Paul International. 1992, 507 pp. Maps, bibl. - Will Derks, J.J. Ras, Variation, transformation and meaning: Studies on Indonesian literatures in honour of A. Teeuw, Leiden: KITLV Press, (VKI 144), 1991, 236 pp., S.O. Robson (eds.) - Will Derks, G.L. Koster, In deze tijd maar nauwelijks te vinden; De Maleise roman van hofjuffer Tamboehan, Vertaald uit het Maleis en ingeleid door G.L. Koster en H.M.J. Maier, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991, 174 pp., H.M.J. Maier (eds.) - Mark Durie, C.D. Grijns, Jakarta Malay: a multi-dimensional approach to spacial variation. 2 vols., Leiden: KITLV Press, ( VKI 149), 1991. - Jan Fontein, Jan J. Boeles, The secret of Borobudur, Bangkok, privately published, 1985, 90 pp. + appendix, 29 pp. - M. Heins, L. Suryadinata, Military ascendancy and political culture: A study of Indonesia’s Golkar. Ohio: Ohio University, Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series, no.85, 1989, xiii + 223 pp. - V.J.H. Houben, Ismail Hussein, Antara dunia Melayu dengan dunia kebangsaan. Bangi: penerbit Universiti kebangsaan Malaysia 1990, 68 pp. - Victor T. King, Aruna Gopinath, Pahang 1880-1933: A political history (Monograph/Malaysian branch of the royal Asiatic society, 18). - G.J. Knaap, J. van Goor, Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, IX: 1729-1737 (Rijks Geschiedkundige publicatiën, grote serie 205). ‘s- Gravenhage: Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 1988, xii + 895 p. - Otto D. van den Muijzenberg, John S. Furnivall, The fashioning of Leviathan: The beginnings of British rule in Burma, edited by Gehan Wijeyewardene. Canberra: Occasional paper of the department of Anthropology, Research school of Pacific studies, The Australian National University, 1991, ii+178 p. - Joke van Reenen, Wim van Zanten, Across the boundaries: Women’s perspectives; Papers read at the symposium in honour of Els Postel-Coster. Leiden: VENA, 1991. - Reimar Schefold, Roxana Waterson, The living house; An anthropology of architecture in South-East Asia. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1990, xx + 263 pp. - Gunter Senft, Jürg Wassmann, The song to the flying fox. Translated by Dennis Q. Stephenson. Apwitihiri:L Studies in Papua New Guinea musics, 2. Cultural studies division, Boroko: The National Research Institute , 1991, xxi + 313 pp. - A. Teeuw, Thomas John Hudak, The indigenization of Pali meters in Thai poetry. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International studies, Monographs in international studies, Southeast Asia series number 87, 1990, x + 237 pp. - A. Teeuw, George Quinn, The novel in Javanese: Aspects of its social and literary character. Leiden: KITLV press, (VKI 148), 1992, ix + 330 pp. - Gerard Termorshuizen, Evert-Jan Hoogerwerf, Persgeschiedenis van Indonesië tot 1942. Geannoteerde bibliografie. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1990, xv + 249 pp. - A. Veldhuisen-Djajasoebrata, Daniele C. Geirnaert, The AÉDTA batik collection. Paris, 1989, p. 81, diagrams and colour ill., Sold out. (Paris Avenue de Breteuil, 75007)., Rens Heringa (eds.)

- Donald F. Barr, J. Noorduyn, A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi, Leiden: KITLV Press, (Bibliographical Series 18), 1991, xiv + 245 pp., maps, index. - J. Boneschansker, H. Reenders, Alternatieve zending, Ottho Gerhard Heldring (1804-1876) en de verbreiding van het christendom in Nederlands-Indië, Kampen, 1991. - H.J.M. Claessen, Albert B. Robillard, Social change in the Pacific Islands. London & New York: Kegan Paul International. 1992, 507 pp. Maps, bibl. - Will Derks, J.J. Ras, Variation, transformation and meaning: Studies on Indonesian literatures in honour of A. Teeuw, Leiden: KITLV Press, (VKI 144), 1991, 236 pp., S.O. Robson (eds.) - Will Derks, G.L. Koster, In deze tijd maar nauwelijks te vinden; De Maleise roman van hofjuffer Tamboehan, Vertaald uit het Maleis en ingeleid door G.L. Koster en H.M.J. Maier, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991, 174 pp., H.M.J. Maier (eds.) - Mark Durie, C.D. Grijns, Jakarta Malay: a multi-dimensional approach to spacial variation. 2 vols., Leiden: KITLV Press, ( VKI 149), 1991. - Jan Fontein, Jan J. Boeles, The secret of Borobudur, Bangkok, privately published, 1985, 90 pp. + appendix, 29 pp. - M. Heins, L. Suryadinata, Military ascendancy and political culture: A study of Indonesia’s Golkar. Ohio: Ohio University, Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series, no.85, 1989, xiii + 223 pp. - V.J.H. Houben, Ismail Hussein, Antara dunia Melayu dengan dunia kebangsaan. Bangi: penerbit Universiti kebangsaan Malaysia 1990, 68 pp. - Victor T. King, Aruna Gopinath, Pahang 1880-1933: A political history (Monograph/Malaysian branch of the royal Asiatic society, 18). - G.J. Knaap, J. van Goor, Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, IX: 1729-1737 (Rijks Geschiedkundige publicatiën, grote serie 205). ‘s- Gravenhage: Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 1988, xii + 895 p. - Otto D. van den Muijzenberg, John S. Furnivall, The fashioning of Leviathan: The beginnings of British rule in Burma, edited by Gehan Wijeyewardene. Canberra: Occasional paper of the department of Anthropology, Research school of Pacific studies, The Australian National University, 1991, ii+178 p. - Joke van Reenen, Wim van Zanten, Across the boundaries: Women’s perspectives; Papers read at the symposium in honour of Els Postel-Coster. Leiden: VENA, 1991. - Reimar Schefold, Roxana Waterson, The living house; An anthropology of architecture in South-East Asia. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1990, xx + 263 pp. - Gunter Senft, Jürg Wassmann, The song to the flying fox. Translated by Dennis Q. Stephenson. Apwitihiri:L Studies in Papua New Guinea musics, 2. Cultural studies division, Boroko: The National Research Institute , 1991, xxi + 313 pp. - A. Teeuw, Thomas John Hudak, The indigenization of Pali meters in Thai poetry. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International studies, Monographs in international studies, Southeast Asia series number 87, 1990, x + 237 pp. - A. Teeuw, George Quinn, The novel in Javanese: Aspects of its social and literary character. Leiden: KITLV press, (VKI 148), 1992, ix + 330 pp. - Gerard Termorshuizen, Evert-Jan Hoogerwerf, Persgeschiedenis van Indonesië tot 1942. Geannoteerde bibliografie. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1990, xv + 249 pp. - A. Veldhuisen-Djajasoebrata, Daniele C. Geirnaert, The AÉDTA batik collection. Paris, 1989, p. 81, diagrams and colour ill., Sold out. (Paris Avenue de Breteuil, 75007)., Rens Heringa (eds.)