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Esta investigación tiene como objetivo crear materiales innovadores y efectivos de entrenamiento de resistencia adaptados para corredores de larga distancia de entre 15 y 18 años. Utilizando el enfoque de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) con el modelo de Borg y Gall, el estudio incorpora comentarios de validadores expertos y atletas junto con sus entrenadores de Sorong, Papúa Occidental. El procedimiento de investigación abarca diez etapas, comenzando con la identificación del problema y culminando en la implementación del producto final, involucrando a 80 atletas. Estas etapas incluyen análisis inicial, planificación, desarrollo inicial del producto, pruebas preliminares de campo, revisión del producto primario, pruebas principales de campo, revisión del producto operativo, pruebas operativas de campo, revisión final del producto y difusión e implementación. La participación de expertos y practicantes asegura que los materiales de entrenamiento sean teóricamente sólidos y prácticamente aplicables. El análisis de datos se realizó utilizando SPSS versión 21, empleando una prueba de normalidad, una prueba de homogeneidad y una prueba t de muestras pareadas para garantizar la fiabilidad y validez de los resultados. La prueba de normalidad confirmó que los datos seguían una distribución normal, mientras que la prueba de homogeneidad aseguró que los grupos de muestra eran comparables. Los resultados de la prueba t de muestras pareadas indicaron que el modelo de entrenamiento de resistencia basado en libros desarrollado mejoró significativamente el rendimiento de los atletas (valor p 0.000), mostrando una mejora más sustancial en los resultados del entrenamiento en comparación con los métodos convencionales (valor p 0.014). Esta mejora se atribuye a la naturaleza estructurada y completa de los materiales de entrenamiento, que incluyen elementos interactivos e integración tecnológica, haciendo que el proceso de entrenamiento sea más atractivo y efectivo para los jóvenes atletas. En conclusión, la adopción de modelos de entrenamiento interactivos y basados en tecnología puede ayudar significativamente en el desarrollo de habilidades de resistencia en jóvenes corredores de larga distancia, abordando necesidades específicas y optimizando su régimen de entrenamiento. This research aims to create innovative and effective endurance training materials tailored for long-distance runners aged 15-18. Utilizing the research and development (RnD) approach with the Borg and Gall model, the study incorporates feedback from expert validators and athletes along with their coaches from Sorong, West Papua. The research procedure encompasses ten stages, starting with problem identification and culminating in the implementation of the final product, involving 80 athletes. These stages include initial analysis, planning, initial product development, preliminary field testing, primary product revision, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision, and dissemination and implementation. The involvement of both experts and practitioners ensures the training materials are theoretically sound and practically applicable. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21, employing a normality test, a homogeneity test, and a paired-sample t-test to ensure the reliability and validity of the findings. The normality test confirmed the data followed a normal distribution, while the homogeneity test ensured the sample groups were comparable. The paired-sample t-test results indicated the newly developed book-based endurance training model significantly enhanced athletes' performance (p-value 0.000), showing a more substantial improvement in training outcomes compared to conventional methods (p-value 0.014). This improvement is attributed to the structured and comprehensive nature of the training materials, which include interactive elements and technology integration, making the training process more engaging and effective for young athletes. In conclusion, adopting interactive and technology-based training models can significantly aid in developing endurance skills in young long-distance runners, addressing specific needs and optimizing their training regimen.

This research aims to create innovative and effective endurance training materials tailored for long-distance runners aged 15-18. Utilizing the research and development (RnD) approach with the Borg and Gall model, the study incorporates feedback from expert validators and athletes along with their coaches from Sorong, West Papua. The research procedure encompasses ten stages, starting with problem identification and culminating in the implementation of the final product, involving 80 athletes. These stages include initial analysis, planning, initial product development, preliminary field testing, primary product revision, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision, and dissemination and implementation. The involvement of both experts and practitioners ensures the training materials are theoretically sound and practically applicable. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21, employing a normality test, a homogeneity test, and a paired-sample t-test to ensure the reliability and validity of the findings. The normality test confirmed the data followed a normal distribution, while the homogeneity test ensured the sample groups were comparable. The paired-sample t-test results indicated the newly developed book-based endurance training model significantly enhanced athletes' performance (p-value 0.000), showing a more substantial improvement in training outcomes compared to conventional methods (p-value 0.014). This improvement is attributed to the structured and comprehensive nature of the training materials, which include interactive elements and technology integration, making the training process more engaging and effective for young athletes. In conclusion, adopting interactive and technology-based training models can significantly aid in developing endurance skills in young long-distance runners, addressing specific needs and optimizing their training regimen. Keywords: Athletics, Endurance Training, Exercise Media, Physical Education  

In amateur and junior level archery competition, judges and trainers manually determine the points earned by archers by either using binoculars or by approaching the target board to observe and validate the position of the arrow. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and test the validity and reliability of the scoring system technology (SST) for detecting points automatically. The SST was manufactured by combining several components such as aluminum, microcontroller, light-emitting diode (LED) display monitor, and power supply. Furthermore, after its manufacture, the experimental aspect which involved the archers of various skill levels, which consisted professional (n=5) and amateurs (n=5). They were instructed to shoot three arrows from a distance of 30-meter at the Fédération Internationale de Tir å l'Arc (FITA) target face equipped with SST. The performances were directly reported to the archers through the LED panel. Simultaneously two FITA certified judges observed the shots behind the archers and recorded their performances. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA examined the scores collected from SST and judges observations. The statistical analysis results which were obtained using the one-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference (p = 1.0) between the points generated by the SST and the Judges. The findings suggest that that SST could provide a valid scoring system for archery competitions.