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\"The manuscript is an edited volume which consists of twelve chapters by multiple scholars of arid lands agriculture in the American Southwest and Northwest Mexico. Its goal is to inspire further research and advance the current understanding of traditional agriculture in arid lands, in both the past and the present\"-- Provided by publisher.

IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric condition that frequently originates in early development and is associated with a variety of functional impairments. Despite a large functional neuroimaging literature on ADHD, our understanding of the neural basis of this disorder remains limited, and existing primary studies on the topic include somewhat divergent results.ObjectivesThe present meta-analysis aims to advance our understanding of the neural basis of ADHD by identifying the most statistically robust patterns of abnormal neural activation throughout the whole-brain in individuals diagnosed with ADHD compared to age-matched healthy controls.MethodsWe conducted a meta-analysis of task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation studies of ADHD. This included, according to PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive PubMed search and predetermined inclusion criteria as well as two independent coding teams who evaluated studies and included all task-based, whole-brain, fMRI activation studies that compared participants diagnosed with ADHD to age-matched healthy controls. We then performed multilevel kernel density analysis (MKDA) a well-established, whole-brain, voxelwise approach that quantitatively combines existing primary fMRI studies, with ensemble thresholding (p<0.05-0.0001) and multiple comparisons correction.ResultsParticipants diagnosed with ADHD (N=1,550), relative to age-matched healthy controls (N=1,340), exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05-0.0001; FWE-corrected) patterns of abnormal activation in multiple brains of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia across a variety of cognitive control tasks.ConclusionsThis study advances our understanding of the neural basis of ADHD and may aid in the development of new brain-based clinical interventions as well as diagnostic tools and treatment matching protocols for patients with ADHD. Future studies should also investigate the similarities and differences in neural signatures between ADHD and other highly comorbid psychiatric disorders.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Objective: To determine whether intermittent hypoxia (IH) persisting after 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) can be attenuated using caffeine doses sufficient to maintain caffeine concentrations >20 μg ml −1 . Study Design: Twenty-seven infants born <32 weeks were started on caffeine citrate at 10 mg kg −1  day −1 when clinical caffeine was discontinued. At 36 weeks PMA, the dose was increased to 14 or 20 mg kg −1  day −1 divided twice a day (BID) to compensate for progressively increasing caffeine metabolism. Caffeine concentrations were measured weekly. The extent of IH derived from continuous pulse oximetry was compared to data from 53 control infants. Result: The mean (s.d.) gestational age of enrolled infants was 27.9±2 weeks. Median caffeine levels were >20 μg ml −1 on study caffeine doses. IH was significantly attenuated through 38 weeks PMA compared with the control group. Conclusion: Caffeine doses of 14 to 20 mg kg −1  day −1 were sufficient to maintain caffeine concentrations >20 μg ml −1 and reduce IH in preterm infants at 36 to 38 weeks PMA.

From the perspective of systems biology, genes and proteins interact to produce complex networks, which in turn interact with the environment to influence every aspect of our biological lives. Recent advances in molecular genetics and the identification of gene polymorphisms in victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are helping us better to understand that SIDS, like all other human conditions in health and disease, represents the confluence of specific environmental risk factors interacting in complex ways with specific polymorphisms to yield phenotypes susceptible to sudden and unexpected death in infancy. Failure to consider both genetic and environmental risk factors will impede research progress.

Objective: Postnatal growth failure is common after preterm birth, in particular for infants born at ⩽28 weeks’ gestation, but it is unknown if growth-to-term equivalent age has improved over the years as neonatal intensive care in general, and infant nutrition in particular, have improved. The objective of the study was to evaluate anthropometric trends at NICU discharge for infants born at ⩽28 weeks’ gestation using a large national database. Study Design: Analysis of growth in weight, length, head circumference and body mass index (kg m 2 ) in 23 005 infants born in 1997 to 2012 who survived to neonatal intensive care unit discharge at ⩽41 weeks’ postmenstrual age. Results: Discharge weight, length, head circumference and body mass index were converted to Z -scores using a reference database, and growth trends over the 16 years were summarized. Discharge results also were summarized for common neonatal morbidities, including chronic lung disease. Gestational age at birth and postmenstrual age at discharge were similar across the 16 years. Discharge weight, length and head circumference Z -scores were all below the median, but head circumference Z -scores consistently were closer to the median than were weight and length. In 1997 compared with 2012, the weight Z -score improved from −1.5 to −0.6; the length Z -score increased the least, from −1.68 to just −1.16; the head circumference Z -score improved from −0.68 to −0.30; and the body mass index Z -score increased from −0.66 to 0.19. Percent small-for-gestational age at birth was stable across the years at 8.4 to 9.3%, and the frequency of postnatal growth failure at discharge improved from 55.4% in 1997 to 19.6% in 2012. Conclusions: Growth-to-discharge progressively improved from 1997 to 2012, but Z -scores remained below the reference median for weight, length and head circumference. Length Z -scores were consistently significantly less than for weight, and body mass index Z -scores have been above the reference median since 2002. Prospective studies are needed to quantify anthropometric trends in relation to body composition and to current nutritional strategies.

Living off the land—hunting, fishing, and farming, along with a range of specialized crafts that provided barter or cash income—was a way of life that persisted well into the twentieth century in the Big Thicket of southeast Texas. Before this way of life ended with World War II, professional photographer Larry Jene Fisher spent a decade between the 1930s and 1940s photographing Big Thicket people living and working in the old ways. His photographs, the only known collection on this subject, constitute an irreplaceable record of lifeways that first took root in the southeastern woodlands of the colonial United States and eventually spread all across the Southern frontier. Big Thicket People presents Fisher's photographs in suites that document a wide slice of Big Thicket life-people, dogs, camps, deer hunts, farming, syrup mills, rooter hogs and stock raising, railroad tie making, barrel stave making, chimney building, peckerwood sawmills, logging, turpentining, town life, church services and picnics, funerals and golden weddings, and dances and other amusements. Accompanying each suite of images is a cultural essay by Thad Sitton, who also introduces the book with a historical overview of life in the Big Thicket. C. E. Hunt provides an informative biography of Larry Jene Fisher.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) continues to be the most common cause of postneonatal infant death. SIDS is a complex, multifactorial disorder, the cause of which is still not fully understood. However, much is known now about environmental risk factors, some of which are modifiable. These include maternal and antenatal risk factors such as smoking during pregnancy, as well as infant-related risk factors such as non-supine sleeping position and soft bedding. Emerging evidence also substantiates an expanding number of genetic risk factors. Interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors may be of critical importance in determining an infant's actual risk of SIDS. Although no practical way exists to identify which infants will die of SIDS, nor is there a safe and proven prevention strategy even if identification were feasible, reducing exposure to modifiable risk factors has helped to lower the incidence of SIDS. Current challenges include wider dissemination of guidelines to all people who care for infants, dissemination of guidelines in culturally appropriate ways, and surveillance of SIDS trends and other outcomes associated with implementation of these guidelines.

Objective: Postnatal growth failure is common after preterm birth, in particular for infants born at [precedes/equal to]28 weeks%apos; gestation, but it is unknown if growth-to-term equivalent age has improved over the years as neonatal intensive care in general, and infant nutrition in particular, have improved. The objective of the study was to evaluate anthropometric trends at NICU discharge for infants born at [precedes/equal to]28 weeks%apos; gestation using a large national database. Study Design: Analysis of growth in weight, length, head circumference and body mass index (kg m[sup.2]) in 23 005 infants born in 1997 to 2012 who survived to neonatal intensive care unit discharge at [precedes/equal to]41 weeks%apos; postmenstrual age. Results: Discharge weight, length, head circumference and body mass index were converted to Z-scores using a reference database, and growth trends over the 16 years were summarized. Discharge results also were summarized for common neonatal morbidities, including chronic lung disease. Gestational age at birth and postmenstrual age at discharge were similar across the 16 years. Discharge weight, length and head circumference Z-scores were all below the median, but head circumference Z-scores consistently were closer to the median than were weight and length. In 1997 compared with 2012, the weight Z-score improved from -1.5 to -0.6; the length Z-score increased the least, from -1.68 to just -1.16; the head circumference Z-score improved from -0.68 to -0.30; and the body mass index Z-score increased from -0.66 to 0.19. Percent small-for-gestational age at birth was stable across the years at 8.4 to 9.3%, and the frequency of postnatal growth failure at discharge improved from 55.4% in 1997 to 19.6% in 2012. Conclusions: Growth-to-discharge progressively improved from 1997 to 2012, but Z-scores remained below the reference median for weight, length and head circumference. Length Z-scores were consistently significantly less than for weight, and body mass index Z-scores have been above the reference median since 2002. Prospective studies are needed to quantify anthropometric trends in relation to body composition and to current nutritional strategies. Journal of Perinatology (2017) 37, 521-526; doi: 10.1038/jp.2016.244; published online 19 January 2017

ObjectiveDescribe the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on subject enrollment in a multicenter randomized controlled trial.Study designWe assessed the number of eligible infants approached and consented for enrollment over five separate epochs including baseline, peak pandemic, and gradual but incomplete recovery.ResultThe pandemic had a major effect on ability to approach parents for consent. Parents approached dropped from 95.4% baseline to 13.1% in the peak pandemic epoch and has not recovered to baseline even in the just-completed post-pandemic epoch (84.9%). Despite the decrease in subjects approached, there was no significant change in the overall consent rate for the studyConclusionThe pandemic has significantly limited ability to approach parents of eligible infants for consent, with only partial recovery. Opportunities for interactions of investigators and study coordinators with parents continue to present challenges limiting full recovery.