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"Hunt, P."
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The statues that walked : unraveling the mystery of Easter Island
The monumental statues of Easter Island, gazing out in their imposing rows over the island's barren landscape, have been a great mystery ever since the island was first discovered by Europeans. How could the ancient people who inhabited this tiny speck of land, the most remote in the vast expanse of the Pacific, have built such monumental works, and moved them from the quarry where they were carved to the coast? And if the island once boasted a culture sophisticated enough to have produced such marvelous edifices, what happened to that culture? The prevailing accounts of the island's history tell a story of self-inflicted devastation: a glaring case of eco-suicide. But when Terry Hunt and Carl Lipo began carrying out archaeological studies on the island in 2001, they uncovered a very different truth: they show that the Easter Islanders were remarkably inventive environmental stewards, rich with lessons for confronting the daunting environmental challenges of our own time.--From publisher description.
Book
90-day mortality after 409 096 total hip replacements for osteoarthritis, from the National Joint Registry for England and Wales: a retrospective analysis
Death within 90 days after total hip replacement is rare but might be avoidable dependent on patient and treatment factors. We assessed whether a secular decrease in death caused by hip replacement has occurred in England and Wales and whether modifiable perioperative factors exist that could reduce deaths.
We took data about hip replacements done in England and Wales between April, 2003, and December, 2011, from the National Joint Registry for England and Wales. Patient identifiers were used to link these data to the national mortality database and the Hospital Episode Statistics database to obtain details of death, sociodemographics, and comorbidity. We assessed mortality within 90 days of operation by Kaplan-Meier analysis and assessed the role of patient and treatment factors by Cox proportional hazards model.
409 096 primary hip replacements were done to treat osteoarthritis. 1743 patients died within 90 days of surgery during 8 years, with a substantial secular decrease in mortality, from 0·56% in 2003 to 0·29% in 2011, even after adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidity. Several modifiable clinical factors were associated with decreased mortality according to an adjusted model: posterior surgical approach (hazard ratio [HR] 0·82, 95% CI 0·73–0·92; p=0·001), mechanical thromboprophylaxis (0·85, 0·74–0·99; p=0·036), chemical thromboprophylaxis with heparin with or without aspirin (0·79, 0·66–0·93; p=0·005), and spinal versus general anaesthetic (0·85, 0·74–0·97; p=0·019). Type of prosthesis was unrelated to mortality. Being overweight was associated with lower mortality (0·76, 0·62–0·92; p=0·006).
Postoperative mortality after hip joint replacement has fallen substantially. Widespread adoption of four simple clinical management strategies (posterior surgical approach, mechanical and chemical prophylaxis, and spinal anaesthesia) could, if causally related, reduce mortality further.
National Joint Registry for England and Wales.
Journal Article
Divergent RNA viruses infecting sea lice, major ectoparasites of fish
Sea lice, the major ectoparasites of fish, have significant economic impacts on wild and farmed finfish, and have been implicated in the decline of wild salmon populations. As blood-feeding arthropods, sea lice may also be reservoirs for viruses infecting fish. However, except for two groups of negative-strand RNA viruses within the order Mononegavirales , nothing is known about viruses of sea lice. Here, we used transcriptomic data from three key species of sea lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis , Caligus clemensi , and Caligus rogercresseyi ) to identify 32 previously unknown RNA viruses. The viruses encompassed all the existing phyla of RNA viruses, with many placed in deeply branching lineages that likely represent new families and genera. Importantly, the presence of canonical virus-derived small interfering RNAs (viRNAs) indicates that most of these viruses infect sea lice, even though in some cases their closest classified relatives are only known to infect plants or fungi. We also identified both viRNAs and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) from sequences of a bunya-like and two qin-like viruses in C . rogercresseyi . Our analyses showed that most of the viruses found in C . rogercresseyi occurred in multiple life stages, spanning from planktonic to parasitic stages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that many of the viruses infecting sea lice were closely related to those that infect a wide array of eukaryotes with which arthropods associate, including fungi and parasitic tapeworms, implying that over evolutionary time there has been cross-phylum and cross-kingdom switching of viruses between arthropods and other eukaryotes. Overall, this study greatly expands our view of virus diversity in crustaceans, identifies viruses that infect and replicate in sea lice, and provides evidence that over evolutionary time, viruses have switched between arthropods and eukaryotic hosts in other phyla and kingdoms.
Journal Article
Ecological solidarity and the Kurdish freedom movement : thought, practice, challenges, and opportunities
\"Ecological Solidarity and the Kurdish Freedom Movement: Thought, Practice, Challenges, and Opportunities examines Kurdish ecological politics and its modeling of communalism and environmental justice, which offer important insights into democratic renewal and women's liberation for the West\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Comprehensive analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity
Davis
et al
. extend their previous efforts to use inhibitor-kinase interactions to understand kinase inhibitor selectivity by profiling the binding of 72 kinase inhibitors to 442 human kinase catalytic domains. The data reveal group-specific differences in selectivity and suggest the feasibility of developing reasonably specific inhibitors for most kinases.
We tested the interaction of 72 kinase inhibitors with 442 kinases covering >80% of the human catalytic protein kinome. Our data show that, as a class, type II inhibitors are more selective than type I inhibitors, but that there are important exceptions to this trend. The data further illustrate that selective inhibitors have been developed against the majority of kinases targeted by the compounds tested. Analysis of the interaction patterns reveals a class of 'group-selective' inhibitors broadly active against a single subfamily of kinases, but selective outside that subfamily. The data set suggests compounds to use as tools to study kinases for which no dedicated inhibitors exist. It also provides a foundation for further exploring kinase inhibitor biology and toxicity, as well as for studying the structural basis of the observed interaction patterns. Our findings will help to realize the direct enabling potential of genomics for drug development and basic research about cellular signaling.
Journal Article
Hurricane season
Based on the true story of basketball coach and mentor Al Collins, who led his team to victory after Hurricane Katrina ravaged their homes and destroyed their spirits. Collins attempts to create a winning basketball team using players from five of the hardest-hit high schools in the area. Takes a look at the disaster and shows how heroes can rise from the most devastating of circumstances.
DVD
Seasonal variation in the lipid content of Fraser River Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and its implications for Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) prey quality
In Southern British Columbia (BC), Canada, declines in southern resident killer whale (SRKW—
Orcinus orca
) populations have been linked to declines in numbers and average size of their preferred prey, Chinook salmon (
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
). However, the life history diversity of Chinook suggests that there is a need to assess stock-specific differences in energy density to evaluate prey quality as a factor in SRKW declines. In this study, we calibrated a Distell fat meter to estimate Chinook whole-body lipid content, a proxy for energy density. The fat meter was deployed at the Fraser River, BC, Chinook test fishery during 2020, collecting lipid, weight, and length measurements from 1566 genetically stock identified individuals encompassing all major Fraser River Chinook population units (management units, MUs) at river entry. We found that MU-specific lipid content increased with distance and elevation to spawning grounds and was highest in the Spring-5
2
(12.8%) and Summer-5
2
(12.7%) MUs, intermediate in the Summer-4
1
MU (10.8%), and lowest in the Fall-4
1
MU (7.3%). Lipid content also decreased by up to 6 percentage points within MUs from the beginning to end of their migration period. Our data revealed SRKWs’ most endangered prey sources, the Spring-5
2
and Summer-5
2
MUs, are also its most energy rich. It also indicated SRKWs have access to progressively lower energy density Chinook through the year, requiring up to ~ 30% more fish to meet energy demands in the fall than in the spring.
Journal Article
Identification of cell barcodes from long-read single-cell RNA-seq with BLAZE
Long-read single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables the quantification of RNA isoforms in individual cells. However, long-read scRNA-seq using the Oxford Nanopore platform has largely relied upon matched short-read data to identify cell barcodes. We introduce BLAZE, which accurately and efficiently identifies 10x cell barcodes using only nanopore long-read scRNA-seq data. BLAZE outperforms the existing tools and provides an accurate representation of the cells present in long-read scRNA-seq when compared to matched short reads. BLAZE simplifies long-read scRNA-seq while improving the results, is compatible with downstream tools accepting a cell barcode file, and is available at
https://github.com/shimlab/BLAZE
.
Journal Article
Safety outcomes following COVID-19 vaccination and infection in 5.1 million children in England
The risk-benefit profile of COVID-19 vaccination in children remains uncertain. A self-controlled case-series study was conducted using linked data of 5.1 million children in England to compare risks of hospitalisation from vaccine safety outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination and infection. In 5-11-year-olds, we found no increased risks of adverse events 1–42 days following vaccination with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 or ChAdOX1. In 12-17-year-olds, we estimated 3 (95%CI 0–5) and 5 (95%CI 3–6) additional cases of myocarditis per million following a first and second dose with BNT162b2, respectively. An additional 12 (95%CI 0–23) hospitalisations with epilepsy and 4 (95%CI 0–6) with demyelinating disease (in females only, mainly optic neuritis) were estimated per million following a second dose with BNT162b2. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased risks of hospitalisation from seven outcomes including multisystem inflammatory syndrome and myocarditis, but these risks were largely absent in those vaccinated prior to infection. We report a favourable safety profile of COVID-19 vaccination in under-18s.
COVID-19 vaccines reduce the risk of severe disease in young people, but the absolute risk is low, and side effects have been reported. Here, the authors use data on 5–17 year olds in England to assess the overall risk-benefit profile of the vaccines.
Journal Article