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"Hussain, A."
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Reevaluating NAFTA : theory and practice
Has NAFTA integrated North America? A fifeteen year appraisal finds trade expansion booting optimism, but also unviels asymmetry between developed and developing countries as well as regulations constraining integration.
Book
Classical and Advanced Controllers for Ideal Halbach Magnetic Lead Screw for Ocean Wave Energy Applications
A magnetic lead screw (MLS) uses the magnetic field of permanent magnets to convert between linear and rotational motions while achieving a gearing action. This mechanism converts low-speed, high-force linear motion to high-speed, low-torque rotational motion. The MLS is ideal for wave energy applications, where the low-speed oscillatory motion of waves can be converted into usable electrical energy. It harnesses the high-force, low-speed linear motion of waves and converts it into rotational motion for generators, all while maintaining contact-free power transfer, reducing maintenance and machine size compared to linear machines. In this study, two controllers are proposed for an ideal Halbach magnetic lead screw: a proportional-resonant (PR) controller and an observer-based state feedback controller (O-SFC). The proportional-integral (PI) controller is also presented as a benchmark. These controllers are developed based on the linearized model of the ideal Halbach MLS and validated through simulation studies of its non-linear model. Results show that both the PR and O-SFC controllers significantly improve system performance compared to the PI controller, with the O-SFC providing superior performance over both the PR and PI controllers.
Journal Article
Chilling and Drought Stresses in Crop Plants: Implications, Cross Talk, and Potential Management Opportunities
Plants face a combination of different abiotic stresses under field conditions which are lethal to plant growth and production. Simultaneous occurrence of chilling and drought stresses in plants due to the drastic and rapid global climate changes, can alter the morphological, physiological and molecular responses. Both these stresses adversely affect the plant growth and yields due to physical damages, physiological and biochemical disruptions, and molecular changes. In general, the co-occurrence of chilling and drought combination is even worse for crop production rather than an individual stress condition. Plants attain various common and different physiological and molecular protective approaches for tolerance under chilling and drought stresses. Nevertheless, plant responses to a combination of chilling and drought stresses are unique from those to individual stress. In the present review, we summarized the recent evidence on plant responses to chilling and drought stresses on shared as well as unique basis and tried to find a common thread potentially underlying these responses. We addressed the possible cross talk between plant responses to these stresses and discussed the potential management strategies for regulating the mechanisms of plant tolerance to drought and/or chilling stresses. To date, various novel approaches have been tested in minimizing the negative effects of combine stresses. Despite of the main improvements there is still a big room for improvement in combination of drought and chilling tolerance. Thus, future researches particularly using biotechnological and molecular approaches should be carried out to develop genetically engineered plants with enhanced tolerance against these stress factors.
Journal Article
Enhanced Control of Back-to-Back Converters in Wind Energy Conversion Systems Using Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) PI Controllers
The performance of a full-scale wind energy conversion system is dependent on the control system of the back-to-back power electronics converter. Different controllers have been proposed in the literature, many of which are variations of a generalized two-degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) PI controller. This paper presents a design method for the parameters of a 2DOF PI controller for the stator current, generator speed, grid current, and DC bus voltage control. The controller can be designed using a general independent zero and pole placement method. The proposed and conventional methods are analyzed based on their ability to track references, reject disturbances, and their sensitivity to noise. A tuning approach is proposed to enhance the controller’s bandwidth without sacrificing noise sensitivity or disturbance rejection capability. The conventional methods are shown to be special versions of the proposed design. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design.
Journal Article
Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy in Skeletal Muscle Health and Aging
The maintenance of mitochondrial integrity is critical for muscle health. Mitochondria, indeed, play vital roles in a wide range of cellular processes, including energy supply, Ca2+ homeostasis, retrograde signaling, cell death, and many others. All mitochondria-containing cells, including skeletal muscle cells, dispose of several pathways to maintain mitochondrial health, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial-derived vesicles, mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission process shaping mitochondrial morphology), and mitophagy—the process in charge of the removal of mitochondria though autophagy. The loss of skeletal muscle mass (atrophy) is a major health problem worldwide, especially in older people. Currently, there is no treatment to counteract the progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging, a process termed sarcopenia. There is increasing data, including our own, suggesting that accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria contributes to the development of sarcopenia. Impairments in mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy were recently proposed to contribute to sarcopenia. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the role played by mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in skeletal muscle health and in the development of sarcopenia. We also highlight recent studies showing that enhancing mitophagy in skeletal muscle is a promising therapeutic target to prevent or even treat skeletal muscle dysfunction in the elderly.
Journal Article
North American regionalism and global spread
\"\"The book by Hussain and Dominguez provides a thorough, comprehensive, and insightful assessment of the extent to which the three North American countries engage in trilateral activities and/or continue to rely on bilateral or unilateral interaction methods. Evidence on how NAFTA's actual provisions hold up in practice is based on a number of case studies drawn from trade, environment and institutional/administrative arrangements. The book offers valuable lessons for regional integration and multilateral undertakings elsewhere in the world. This wide-ranging and penetrating analysis of inter-state relations within NAFTA deserves a wide readership among practitioners and scholars alike.\" - Emil J. Kirchner, Jean Monnet Chair, University of Essex, UK \"This book is a timely assessment of the achievements of NAFTA after 20 years. The theoretical approach is enlightening and the analysis constitutes a realistic realty-check with focus on NAFTA's limitations and various turns to bilateralism. A must read for scholars of regional integration and citizens interested in changes in the global political economy.\" - Finn Laursen, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Was the NAFTA experiment a means to other goals for Canada, Mexico, and the United States, or an end in itself? This twenty-year study of trade and investment, dispute settlement and intellectual property rights, and the environment and labor finds all three North American countries are pursuing alternate initiatives independently, many of their thrusts streamlining with globalizing forces, and just as many strengthening Westphalian statism. Those findings caution against overly optimistic and deepening integrative arguments, invite exogenous dynamics like security considerations to mix and mingle with endogenous (or NAFTA-based) counterparts, and stop safely short of die-hard integrative opponents while opening pathways for both theoretical and empirical reassessments\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Seed Priming-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Rice Cultivars
Rice belongs to tropical and subtropical environments and is extremely sensitive to chilling stress particularly during emergence and early stages of seedling development. Seed priming can be a good approach to enhance rice germination and stand establishment under chilling stress. The present study examined the role of different seed priming techniques viz., hydropriming, osmopriming, redox priming, chemical priming, and hormonal priming, in enhancing the chilling tolerance in rice. The most effective reagents and their pre-optimized concentrations based on preliminary experiments were used in this study. Two different rice cultivars were sown under chilling stress (18°C) and normal temperatures (28°C) in separate growth chambers. A non-primed control treatment was also maintained for comparison. Chilling stress caused erratic and delayed germination, poor seedling growth, reduced starch metabolism, and lower respiration rate, while higher lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in rice seedlings of both cultivars. Nevertheless, all the seed priming treatments effectively alleviated the negative effects of chilling stress. In addition, seed priming treatments triggered the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, and enhanced the accumulations of glutathione and free proline in rice seedlings, which suggests that these measures help prevent the rice seedlings from chilling induced oxidative stress. Chemical priming with selenium and hormonal priming with salicylic acid remained more effective treatments for both rice cultivars under chilling stress than all other priming treatments. The better performance and greater tolerance of primed rice seedlings was associated with enhanced starch metabolism, high respiration rate, lower lipid peroxidation, and strong antioxidative defense system under chilling stress.
Journal Article