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Relaxin family peptides significantly regulate reproduction, nutrient metabolism, and immune response in mammals. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the relaxin family peptides in cattle and buffalo at the genome level. The genomic and proteomic sequences of cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, horse, and camel were accessed through the NCBI database, and BLAST was performed. We identified four relaxin peptides genes (RLN3, INSL3, INSL5, and INSL6) in Bos taurus, whereas three relaxin genes (RLN3, INSL3, and INSL6) in Bubalus bubalis. Evolutionary analysis revealed the conserved nature of relaxin family peptides in buffalo and cattle. Physicochemical properties revealed that relaxin proteins were thermostable, hydrophilic, and basic peptides except for INSL5 which was an acidic peptide. Three nonsynonymous mutations (two in RLN3 at positions A16 > T and P29 > A, and one in INSL6 at position R32 > Q) in Bos taurus, whereas two nonsynonymous mutations (one in RLN3 at positions G105 > w and one in INSL3 at position G22 > R) in Bubalus bubalis, were identified. INSL3 had one indel (insertion) at position 55 in Bos taurus. Gene duplication analysis revealed predominantly segmental duplications (INSL5/RLN3 and INSL6/INSL3 gene pairs) that helped expand this gene family, whereas Bubalus bubalis showed primarily tandem duplication (INSL3/RLN3). Our study concluded that relaxin family peptides remained conserved during the evolution, and gene duplications might help to adapt and enrich specific functions like reproduction, nutrient metabolism, and immune response. Further, the nonsynonymous mutations identified potentially affect these functions in buffalo.

Fruit peels are largely wasted without knowing their nutritional contents. So, there is a dire need to harness functional components for their biological significance. In this study, fruit peel samples were dried in hot air oven and subjected to nutritional profile using different analytical techniques. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, proximate composition, amino acids and mineral profiles from 12 peel samples of fruit varieties which were labelled from V1 to V12. Results revealed that crude protein and crude fat had significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels in V12 fruit peels, whereas crude fibre and ash were reported significantly greater(p < 0.05) in V12 and V4 compared with others. The amino acid results showed that cysteine and methionine had greater levels in V6 samples (p < 0.05), whereas aspartic acid + asparagine was greater (p < .05) in V12 samples compared to other samples. The ascorbic acid TPC, TF, TAC and lycopene had higher contents in V2, V11, V3, V5, V4 and V9 than other peel samples (p < 0.05). Additionally, peel samples of V4, V11, V4 and V3 had higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and manganese (p < 0.05). These results conclude that fruit peels could have ramifications as a sustainable, enriched source of functional foods.