Explore the vast range of titles available.

Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital processes such as cell-mediated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. The main cellular constituents of the fish immune system are macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells. This review provides the latest information on cellular defense mechanisms of fish and provides an overview of the function of the mucosal immune system in maintaining the general health of fish. Here, we discuss the fundamental ideas that underpin mucosal immune responses in teleosts, as well as the innate and adaptive immune cells and the molecules that play a role in these immune responses. Moreover, cytokine molecules and pathways in teleosts have been reported to focus on several kinds of associated immunity. Importantly, we also review antigen processing and presentation. The knowledge reported here will enable better understanding, determination, and modulation of the pathways responsible for protective immunity, thus consequently improving the health of the fish in aquaculture.

Wound healing is a complex process involving multiple phases aimed at repairing damaged tissues. Disruptions in this process can lead to chronic wounds and infections. Effective treatments that maintain cellular bioactivity while being cost-effective and easy to manufacture and store are needed. The amniotic membrane (AM) is highly biocompatible and rich in bioactive factors, making it valuable for regenerative medicine. Bovine AM is noteworthy for its large size, which facilitates its use in medical settings. However, preserving its bioactivity during storage is a challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of bovine lyophilized AM on full-thickness skin wound healing in dogs, compared to that of fresh AM. Bovine AM was collected, lyophilized, and characterized by quantifying growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), as well as collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), elastin, and DNA. Additionally, the surface morphology was imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of conditioned media from fresh and lyophilized AM on fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation were compared. In vivo, three full-thickness skin wounds were created on the back in twelve dogs and treated with saline (control), fresh AM, or lyophilized AM, and monitored for healing over 1, 3, and 5 weeks. The fresh AM contained 57.3 ± 6.21 µg/mg collagen, 5.62 ± 1.1 µg/mg GAGs, 11.6 ± 4.52 µg/mg elastin, and 46.3 ± 12.8 ng/mg DNA, with VEGF and bFGF levels of 5.43 ± 2.485 and 1.97 ± 0.482 ng/mg, respectively. The lyophilized AM contained 217.74 ± 8.78 µg/mg collagen, 14.4 ± 1.56 µg/mg GAGs, 43.2 ± 6.8 µg/mg elastin, and 234.6 ± 21.5 ng/mg DNA, with VEGF and bFGF levels of 28.12 ± 7.6 and 13.3 ± 6.89 ng/mg, respectively. SEM revealed a monolayer with poorly defined borders in fresh AM, whereas lyophilized AM displayed a well-defined apical border with few microvilli. Lyophilized AM-conditioned media promoted greater endothelial cell and fibroblast proliferation. Compared with those in the fresh AM and control groups, wounds treated with lyophilized AM healed faster, with narrower edges and more pronounced re-epithelization and collagen remodeling at 1-, 3-, and 5-weeks post-wounding. Histopathology revealed quicker granulation and inflammatory cell infiltration in the first week for lyophilized AM, and better re-epithelization and collagen remodeling in subsequent stages. In conclusion, the amniotic membrane, particularly in its lyophilized form, offers significant benefits for skin wound healing due to its bioactivity, availability, and cost-effectiveness.

The cerebellum is involved in numerous motor functions, the adaptation and execution of smooth complex voluntary and fine movements. Glial cells are essential for maintaining healthy neurons. Studying the camel cerebellum was neglected even in recent research even in the Middle East and Asia where camels are reared. Therefore, we investigated the glia in camel cerebellum employing histochemical and immunohistochemical staining using GFAP, Olig2, S-100 and Iba1 for astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Bergmann glia and fibrous astrocytes, and microglia, respectively. The camel cerebellum was collected from ten clinically healthy mature camel’s ( Camelus dromedarius ) heads. GFAP immunoreactivity was not detected in the molecular layer, suggesting that this astrocytic population does not express GFAP. The distribution of astrocytes is heterogeneous between different layers and within the same layer. Bergmann glia was arranged into 4–6 rows in the Purkinje cell layer. Their processes extend radially through the molecular layer and reach the pial surface. Its mean density was 5126 cells/1 mm 2 . Oligodendrocytes were observed in the white matter and granular layer. The oligodendrocytes were either solitary or aligned in rows like beads along the nerve fascicles. Microglia were heterogeneous in both morphology and distribution in different layers and within the same layer. The white matter contains the highest mean density and they were elliptical and most processes run parallel to the nerve fibers. In the granular layer, elliptical- and oval bodies and their processes emerge from all over the cell bodies. The molecular layer contained oval microglia with short processes. Abundant Iba1 positive puncta distributed all over the molecular layer. The current study in camel is considered a step of comparative neuroglial biology across species.

Neem is a plant used both as food and in traditional medicine. Its many active components, such as Carotenoids, Saponins, Triterpenoids and Nimbidin, may render it a beneficial feed additive for rabbits. Healthy weaned rabbits from breed V-line (VL) were selected to examine the effect of neem ( Azadirachta indica ) on growth performance, carcass traits, morphology, and blood parameters responses. Thirty-two V-line rabbits (45 days old) were randomly assigned to four groups ( n  = 8 per group): a control group (G1) receiving a basal diet, and three treatment groups (G2, G3, G4) receiving the basal diet supplemented with 5%, 10%, and 15% neem leaf powder, respectively. Neem leaf supplementation had no significant effect on the rabbits’ growth performance, live body weight, carcass weight, lungs and abdominal fat, dressing percentage and liver. There was a significant ( P  < 0.05) increase in intestine length in G4. Nevertheless, the cecum considerably shrank ( P  < 0.05) in G3 and G4, which might have a more negative impact on growth performance. Certain biochemical measures (albumin, globulin, triglycerides, LDL, total protein, cholesterol, glucose, AST, and ALT) did not exhibit significant variations. However, a significant ( P  < 0.01) drop in blood urea occurred after the higher concentration. A significant ( P  < 0.05) rise in HDL after neem supplementation. Histologically, the liver showed signs of hepatotoxicity in the group supplemented with neem leaves, such as abnormal hepatocytes’ nuclear membranes, pyknotic nuclei, karyorrhexis and karyolysis. Additionally, the portal and central veins were congested, and a greater number of Kupffer cells were seen. In conclusion, the findings suggest that dietary neem leaf supplementation may have adverse effects on rabbit health and performance, particularly at higher concentrations.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells which engulf, process and present antigens to the naïve T-lymphocyte cells. However, little is known about the effect of melatonin on the DCs. The present study aimed to investigate the morphology and distribution of the DCs by transmission electron microscopy and Immunohistochemistry after melatonin administration. A total of 8 out of 15 adult ram was randomly selected to receive the melatonin implant and the remaining 7 animals received melatonin free implants. DCs showed positive immunoreactivity for CD117, S-100 protein and CD34. There is an obvious increase in the number of the positive immunoreactive cells to CD3, estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone in the treated groups. The expression of CD56 and MHCII in the DCs was abundant in the treated groups. The ultrastructure study revealed that melatonin exerts a stimulatory effect on the DCs which was associated with increment in the secretory activity of DCs. The secretory activity demarcated by an obvious increase in the number of mitochondria, cisternae of rER and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. The endosomal- lysosomal system was more developed in the treated groups. A rod-shaped Birbeck granule was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the melatonin treated group. DCs were observed in a close contact to telocytes, T-Lymphocytes, nerve fibers and blood vessels. Taken together, melatonin administration elicits a stimulatory action on the DCs and macrophages through increasing the size, the number and the endosomal compartments which may correlate to increased immunity.

The vascular and perivascular cells, including telocytes (TCs) and immune cells, play an important role in male fertility. The current study intended to describe in detail the microvascular structures harboring special regulatory devices in addition to the interstitial cellular components of the one-humped camel epididymis. The samples were collected from 10 clinically healthy mature camels (Camelus dromedarius). The distribution and characteristics of TCs, peripheral blood vessels of the epididymis, and immune cells were investigated using the light, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Frequent occlusive or throttle arterioles were demonstrated in the epididymal interstitium and their tunica media consisted of glomus cells. In addition, some vein walls consisted of one or two layers of glomus cells. TCs, fibroblasts, muscle cells, and tunica media of the blood vessels, that present in the loose connective tissue surrounding the intertubular interstitium of camel epididymis, showed a positive reaction with vimentin. The endothelium of blood vessels and veins showed positive immunoreactivity for CD34 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, VEGF, CD34, and S100 proteins were expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) as well as TCs. The current data suggest the involvement of DCs and TCs in angiogenesis and a possible role for the interstitial components in creating an appropriate milieu for the full maturation of sperms.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Oxidative damage, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic cell death play a major role in the induction and progression of male testicular damage. Plant-derived phytochemicals such as green coffee (Coffea arabica) can possess antidiabetic effects with little toxicity. The current study is aimed at investigating the therapeutic roles of green coffee in diabetic testicular injury stimulated by high-fat diet/streptozotocin administration. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a high-fat diet and a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg kg-1) in male albino rats. Diabetic animals were orally given two different concentrations of green coffee (50 mg kg-1 and 100 mg kg-1) for 28 days. The levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone and parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were measured. mRNAs and protein levels were detected quantitatively by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. In the diabetic group, the levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone showed a significant reduction while they increased significantly after green coffee treatment. A significant increase of antioxidant markers glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase along with decreased levels of lipid peroxides and nitric oxide was observed after green coffee treatment in the diabetic group. Finally, the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, Bax, and caspase-3 were also decreased in both treated groups (metformin and green coffee) when compared to the diabetic group. We conclude that testicular oxidative impairment induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and STZ can be reversed by green coffee. Administration of green coffee could represent a promising therapeutic agent which can help the treatment of type 2 DM-induced testicular dysfunction.

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen that is capable of infecting almost every organ in the human body. Alarmingly, the rapid emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (MRSA) jeopardizes the available treatment options. Herein, we propose sustainable, low-cost production of recombinant lysostaphin (rLST), which is a native bacteriocin destroying the staphylococcal cell wall through its endopeptidase activity. We combined the use of E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET15b, factorial design, and simple Ni-NTA affinity chromatography to optimize rLST production. The enzyme yield was up to 50 mg/L culture, surpassing reported systems. Our rLST demonstrated superlative biofilm combating ability by inhibiting staphylococcal biofilms formation and detachment of already formed biofilms, compared to vancomycin and linezolid. Furthermore, we aimed at developing a novel rLST topical formula targeting staphylococcal skin infections. The phase inversion composition (PIC) method fulfilled this aim with its simple preparatory steps and affordable components. LST nano-emulgel (LNEG) was able to extend active LST release up to 8 h and cure skin infections in a murine skin model. We are introducing a rapid, convenient rLST production platform with an outcome of pure, active rLST incorporated into an effective LNEG formula with scaling-up potential to satisfy the needs of both research and therapeutic purposes.

Twenty-four adult molly fish (Poecilia sphenops, Valenciennes 1846) were collected to study the morphology and distribution of ganglia using histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy and focusing on their relation to the immune cells. The ganglia were classified spatially into cranial and spinal, and functionally into sensory and autonomic. Spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia, DRG) contained large close ganglionic cells, enclosed by satellite cells, as well as bundles of both myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers. There are glial cells, immune cells and telocytes close to the ganglion. In addition, oligodendrocytes were closely related to myelinated axons. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was confined to the glia cells and the nerve fibers in the cervical ganglia next to the gills, and surprisingly, in the large ganglionic cells of the DRG. The vestibular ganglia were large, connected to the hind brain, and contained numerous neurons packed in columns. The cervical ganglia were large and observed around the pseudobranch, head kidney, and thymus. Their neurons are randomly distributed, and nerve fibers are peripherally situated. CD3-positive T-lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and CD68-positive macrophages were in close contact with the ganglia. Furthermore, the ganglia around the head kidney showed positive Iba1-expressing cells. Most ganglion cells and nerve fibers in the DRG, autonomic, and vestibular ganglia showed moderate to strong S-100 immunoreactivity. The enteric glia, CD68-expressing macrophages, and acetylcholine (Ach)-expressing neurons were observed along the muscular layer of the intestinal wall. In conclusion, different ganglia of molly fish displayed direct communication with immune cells which support and maintain healthy ganglionic cells.

The spleen plays a critical role in the immune and hematopoietic systems of teleost fish, functioning as a major secondary lymphoid organ. This study provides a detailed morphological and ultrastructural assessment of the spleen in goldfish (Carassius auratus), focusing on its immunological organization and cellular diversity. Through light and transmission electron microscopy, we examined red and white pulps, identifying key features such as melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), ellipsoids, and various immune cell types. The red pulp was rich in sinusoidal capillaries and splenic cords, whereas the white pulp housed lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and telocytes, all contributing to immune regulation. Notably, ellipsoids were surrounded by reticular and macrophage sheaths, forming a filtration barrier against pathogens. Ultrastructural analysis revealed diverse immune cells with active morphological traits, including macrophages with pseudopodia and pigment granules, dendritic cells with dendrite-like extensions, and epithelial reticular cells involved in forming the blood–spleen barrier. These findings highlight the complex immunological microarchitecture of the goldfish spleen and its functional relevance in teleost immune responses.