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The age of Shakespeare was a particularly brutal time for writers, described as \"the Golden Age of pseudonyms, [in which] almost every writer used a pseudonym at some time or other during his career\", as writers tried to protect themselves by hiding their identity in addition to esoteric writing. As Melzer states, \"no one denies that this was done all the time, especially in the early modern period\". Doing so, however, was fraught with danger as the authorities would often interrogate and torture those suspected of knowing the true authors. Elizabeth herself believed historian John Hayward, \"was pretending to be the author in order to shield 'some more mischievous' person, and that he should be racked so that he might disclose the lie\". Esotericism was a further protection from persecution.

The character of \"Rosaline\" from Love's Labour's Lost has long interested Shakespearean scholars. Not only is she one of Shakespeare's wittiest and most colorful heroines, but many have seen numerous parallels between her and Shakespeare's \"Dark Lady\" from Shakespeares Sonnets. Katherine Chiljan argues Rosaline may be based on Anne Vavasour, while in 1973 A.L. Rowse put forward an argument that Shakespeare's heroine may have been modeled on Emilia Lanier. However recent scholarship questions whether Rosaline's \"dark beauty\" may have indicated she was a woman of color.

When examining the evidence for dating the plays from \"first principles,\" the conventional dating system of Shakespeare's plays is problematic-the plays were likely written considerably earlier than currently believed. This paper focuses on three of Shakespeare's plays and argues for earlier dates for each of them: The Merchant of Venice, usually dated between 1595-98, is redated 1578-79; Hamlet moves from 1599-1601 to 1588-89; while The Tempest, often seen as Shakespeare's \"swan song,\" appears to be known by 1598-99 rather than the conventional date of 1610-11.

Hutchinson explores various allusions and references in different works that suggest the death of William Shakespeare before 1616. These allusions include veiled references in works such as John Cookes Epigrams, Sir Thomas Smyths Voyage, Ratseis Ghost, and William Barksteds Mirrha, Mother of Adonis. He also discusses the significance of the title page of Shake-speares Sonnets, which lacks the author's name and features a hidden writer behind a theater curtain. Additionally, he examines the cover of Henry Peacham's Minerva Britanna, which depicts a funerary monument and the Latin phrase \"vivitur ingenio, caetera mortis erunt\" (Genius lives on, all else is mortal). These allusions and symbols suggest that Shakespeare may have died before 1616, challenging the traditional narrative of his life and works.

Hutchinson examines the character Insulso Sogliardo in Ben Jonson' 1599 play Every Man Out of His Humour which has long been seen by many Shakespeare scholars as being a lampoon of William Shakespere. Richard Malim writes that Every Man \"contains the most direct and complete refutation of the pretensions of William Shakespeare as author\" (Malim 200). Less recognized is Jonson's association of Sogliardo with a member of the corvid (crow) family.

The epigram \"To Our English Terence\" by John Davies of Hereford is well known in Shakespeare studies. Less well known is the transparent reference to the most famous legal tract of the time contained within. Here, Hutchinson demonstrates that the reference to \"a companion for a King\" in the epigram shows that Shakespeare was very likely an Earl.

When the six signatures believed to be those of William Shakspere are examined in their social and legal environment, numerous anomalies present themselves relative to those of his contemporaries that suggest there is a strong possibility that law clerks wrote them instead. Here, Hutchinson provides compelling evidence based on paleography and contemporary legal practice that the six signatures attributed to Shakspere were actually written by law clerks.

Robert Prechters article Avisa: Queen Elizabeth or Penelope Rich? published in The Oxfordian 25 strives to demonstrate that John Hamills argument for Penelope Rich as the wife Avisa in the anonymous 1594 pamphlet Willobie His Arisa is misplaced and the work is a straightforward paean to the unmarried Queen Elizabeth. The authors attempt to show that Prechter is incorrect and that Willobie is not about Queen Elizabeth, but was an intended libel against the promiscuous courtier and sister of the Earl of Essex, Lady Penelope Rich.

The Maillard reaction is initiated when the amine group of amino acids reacts with the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar to form an Amadori compound, which can isomerase into three different structures. Since there are five common reducing sugars in foods and 20 amino acids, the first step results in over 100 possible compounds. The food quantity is generally much smaller, allowing a greater surface area to develop flavor, while exposing the food to shorter cooking times. Because this is a direct heat method, cooking times generally are much shorter than roasting. The food (generally meat) is first cooked with a dry heat method (broiling, grilling, searing) to develop the cooked flavors, then some water is added and the food is allowed to simmer, extracting those flavors into a sauce that is served with the food. Grilling is another dry heat cooking process in which the food is cooked directly over a flame. Besides the browning reactions that occur, the fat dripping from the food is pyrolyzed and vaporized in its own complex reaction, then absorbed by the food above.