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Contemporary plays by African women : Niqabi ninja, Not that woman, I want to fly, Silent voices, Unsettled, Mbuzeni, Bonganyi
This volume draws together six contemporary plays by female African writers, offering a rare insight into the work being produced by these practitioners. These plays, which are selected from writers across the continent, together give a rich portrait of identity, politics, culture and society in contemporary Africa. The editors of the volume have also provided biographies and the writers' own artistic statements; production histories; and a critical contextualisation of the theatre from which each woman is writing. This provides a rich context from which these plays can be prescribed for study, both at secondary school and undergraduate level--Provided by publisher.
Book
Evaluating the quality of online fertility nutrition claims
Objective:To (1) explore and analyse current online preconception health and nutrition-related claims, (2) assess identified online preconception health claims against current preconception guidelines and (3) understand the perceived health claims among reproductive-aged men and women.Setting:Five online media platforms were searched using fertility nutrition-related search terms.Participants:All claims were assessed by an expert panel against nine Australian and International preconception guidelines. A sample of eighty reproductive-aged men and women rated a random sample of claims.Design:A content analysis of 191 claims was conducted using NVivo 12 Plus to group recurring topics into themes and then categories. Survey participants rated forty claims using a 5-point Likert scale from ‘Not at all likely’ to ‘Highly likely’. If at least 75 % of the surveyed population considered a claim ‘likely’ or ‘unlikely’, it was classified as such.Results:Two themes were generated: nutrition claims and lifestyle claims. Five percent of claims were present in preconception guidelines, while 54 % had no evidence to support the claim. The highest percentage of no evidence claims was for whole foods and their components and dietary patterns. TikTok and Instagram contained the highest proportion of non-evidence-based claims. The community considered 3/40 claims likely to be true and 3/40 claims unlikely to be true.Conclusions:There is a myriad of inaccurate information online related to fertility nutrition and lifestyle behaviours. Social media public health campaigns to disseminate quality evidence for preconception health are necessary to improve awareness among those who access online information.
Journal Article
Intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Intermittent fasting appears an equivalent alternative to calorie restriction (CR) to improve health in humans. However, few trials have considered applying meal timing during the ‘fasting’ day, which may be a limitation. We developed a novel intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating (iTRE) approach. Adults (
N
= 209, 58 ± 10 years, 34.8 ± 4.7 kg m
−
2
) at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of three groups (2:2:1): iTRE (30% energy requirements between 0800 and 1200 hours and followed by a 20-h fasting period on three nonconsecutive days per week, and ad libitum eating on other days); CR (70% of energy requirements daily, without time prescription); or standard care (weight loss booklet). This open-label, parallel group, three-arm randomized controlled trial provided nutritional support to participants in the iTRE and CR arms for 6 months, with an additional 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome was change in glucose area under the curve in response to a mixed-meal tolerance test at month 6 in iTRE versus CR. Glucose tolerance was improved to a greater extent in iTRE compared with CR (−10.10 (95% confidence interval −14.08, −6.11) versus −3.57 (95% confidence interval −7.72, 0.57) mg dl
−1
min
−1
;
P
= 0.03) at month 6, but these differences were lost at month 18. Adverse events were transient and generally mild. Reports of fatigue were higher in iTRE versus CR and standard care, whereas reports of constipation and headache were higher in iTRE and CR versus standard care. In conclusion, incorporating advice for meal timing with prolonged fasting led to greater improvements in postprandial glucose metabolism in adults at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier
NCT03689608
.
Comparison of intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating (iTRE) to calorie restriction, as well as standard care, in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes in a three-arm randomized controlled study demonstrated that iTRE was associated with greater improvements in postprandial glucose metabolism at 6 months.
Journal Article
Effects of Intermittent Fasting or Calorie Restriction on Markers of Lipid Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle
Abstract
Context
Impaired lipid metabolism is linked with obesity-associated insulin resistance, which may be reversed by caloric restriction (CR).
Objective
In a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, we compared the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) and CR on markers of lipid metabolism in muscle.
Design
Seventy-six women (body mass index, 25-40 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets for 8 weeks and provided foods at 70% (CR70 and IF70) or 100% (IF100) of energy requirements. IF groups ate breakfast prior to a 24-hour fast on 3 nonconsecutive days per week. On nonfasting days, IF70 ate at 100% and IF100 ate at 145% of energy requirements to achieve the prescribed target. Weight, body composition, insulin sensitivity by clamp, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and markers of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in muscle by quantitative polymerase chain reaction were measured at baseline and week 8 following a 12-hour overnight fast (all groups) and 24-hour fast (IF groups).
Results
IF70 resulted in greater weight and fat loss and reduced NEFAs vs CR70 and IF100 after an overnight fast. IF70 and IF100 induced a greater reduction only in mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1), and SOD2 vs CR70. Fasting for 24 hours increased NEFAs and BHB in IF groups, but impaired insulin sensitivity and increased PLIN5 mRNA levels.
Conclusions
In comparison to CR, IF did not increase markers of lipid metabolism in muscle, but reduced expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, fasting-induced insulin resistance was detected, alongside increased PLIN5 expression, potentially reflecting transient lipid storage.
Journal Article
Effect of Age on Blood Glucose and Plasma Insulin, Glucagon, Ghrelin, CCK, GIP, and GLP-1 Responses to Whey Protein Ingestion
Protein-rich supplements are used widely to prevent and manage undernutrition in older people. We have previously shown that healthy older, compared to younger, adults have less suppression of energy intake by whey protein—although the effects of age on appetite-related gut hormones are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the acute effects of whey protein loads on blood glucose and plasma gut hormone concentrations in older and younger adults. Sixteen healthy older (eight men, eight women; mean ± SEM: age: 72 ± 1 years; body mass index: 25 ± 1 kg/m2) and 16 younger (eight men, eight women; 24 ± 1 years; 23 ± 0.4 kg/m2) adults were studied on three occasions in which they ingested 30 g (120 kcal) or 70 g (280 kcal) whey protein, or a flavored-water control drink (~2 kcal). At regular intervals over 180 min, blood glucose and plasma insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations were measured. Plasma ghrelin was dose-dependently suppressed and insulin, glucagon, CCK, GIP, and GLP-1 concentrations were dose-dependently increased by the whey protein ingestion, while blood glucose concentrations were comparable during all study days. The stimulation of plasma CCK and GIP concentrations was greater in older than younger adults. In conclusion, orally ingested whey protein resulted in load-dependent gut hormone responses, which were greater for plasma CCK and GIP in older compared to younger adults.
Journal Article
What Are Preadolescent Readers Doing Online? An Examination of Upper Elementary Students' Reading, Writing, and Communication in Digital Spaces
The online reading, writing, and communication practices of students have been of significant interest to literacy researchers and teachers throughout the last several years, as insights into what students are currently doing in and outside of school can inform what they can be expected to know and be able to do in digital environments. Yet, little is known about the online activities, perceptions, preferences, and skills of preadolescent students. The present study reports the performance of 1,262 fourth and fifth graders on the Survey of Internet Use and Online Reading. Results were analyzed to determine whether there are gender differences in preadolescent students' Internet activities, perceptions, preferences, and skills. Findings from descriptive and comparative analyses of students' responses indicate that (a) préadolescent students in this study are moderately skilled at online search, evaluation, and communication tasks, with females scoring significantly higher on digital tasks than males; (b) preadolescent students engage in many digital tasks more frequently in school than outside of school; (c) despite reporting a preference for using the Internet, préadolescent students believe that it is more difficult to use it than to read a book, and believe that they would learn more from a book than from the Internet; and (d) there is a significant gender difference in students' skills and confidence related to digital tasks, and students' perceptions of their own skills may not align with their achievement on digital skills-based tasks.
Journal Article
Matching Meals to Body Clocks—Impact on Weight and Glucose Metabolism
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to rise worldwide and is reaching pandemic proportions. The notion that this is due to obesity, resulting from excessive energy consumption and reduced physical activity, is overly simplistic. Circadian de-synchrony, which occurs when physiological processes are at odds with timing imposed by internal clocks, also promotes obesity and impairs glucose tolerance in mouse models, and is a feature of modern human lifestyles. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is known about glucose metabolism in animal and human models of circadian de-synchrony and examine the evidence as to whether shifts in meal timing contribute to impairments in glucose metabolism, gut hormone secretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Lastly, we examine whether restricting food intake to discrete time periods, will prevent or reverse abnormalities in glucose metabolism with the view to improving metabolic health in shift workers and in those more generally at risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Journal Article
Intermittent fasting activates markers of autophagy in mouse liver, but not muscle from mouse or humans
•In this study, the effect of intermittent fasting on tissue-specific autophagy was examined in humans and mice.•Fasting transiently increased markers of autophagy in liver, but not skeletal muscle, in intermittent fasting mice that were fed chow or high-fat diet. However, diet-induced obese mice displayed impaired ability to alter autophagy including lysosomal function.•Fasting also did not alter markers of autophagy at the mRNA level in skeletal muscle of humans. However, reductions in markers of autophagy were noted on non-fasting days, potentially indicating a positive effect of weight loss.
Intermittent fasting (IF) activates autophagy in cardiac muscle and pancreatic islets. We examined the effect of IF on markers of autophagy in liver and skeletal muscle in mice and in humans.
Ten-wk-old C57 BL/6 J male mice were ad libitum (AL) fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or chow diet for 8 wk, before randomization to AL or IF (24-h fast, 3 non-consecutive days per week) for 8 wk (8–16 per group). Tissue was collected in the fed or 22-h fasted state. Fifty women (51 ± 2 y, 31.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of two IF protocols (24-hfast, 3 non-consecutive days per week) and fed at 70% (IF70) or 100% (IF100) of energy requirements for 8 wk. Vastus lateralis muscle was collected at 0800 after 12- and 24-h fasts. Microtubule-associated protein light chain 1 (Map1 lc3 b), Beclin1 (Becn1), Sequestosome 1 (Sqstm1/p62), and Lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2) were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and LC3, BECLIN1 and LAMP1 protein content by immunoblotting.
Fasting increased hepatic LC3 I protein and Map1 lc3 b mRNA levels in IF mice fed chow or HFD. LAMP1 protein and Beclin1 mRNA levels in liver were also increased by fasting, but only in chow-fed mice. IF did not activate markers of autophagy in mouse muscle. In humans, a 24-h fast increased SQSTM1. BECLIN1, SQSTM1 and LAMP2 mRNA levels were decreased in IF70 after a 12-h overnight fast .
Markers of autophagy in liver, but not in muscle, were elevated in response to IF in mice. In humans, autophagy markers in muscle were reduced, likely in response to weight loss.
Journal Article
Time-restricted eating improves glycemic control and dampens energy-consuming pathways in human adipose tissue
•Under highly controlled conditions, time-restricting eating reduces fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin and tended to improve 24-h glucose in men with obesity but impaired glucose response to a dinner meal.•Time-restricted eating alters the adipose tissue transcriptome, down-regulating genes involved in mitoribosome regulation and proteasome functioning, which may be an adaptive response to lowered energy availability and reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress.•Time-restricted eating could be a preventative or therapeutic strategy to assist glycemic management for people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.
We sought to examine the effects of 8 wk of time-restricted eating (TRE) on glucose metabolism and the adipose tissue transcriptome during a metabolic ward stay in men with obesity.
In a single-arm, pre-post trial, 15 men (ages 63 ± 4 y, body mass index = 30.5 ± 2.4 kg/m2, waist circumference = 113 ± 4 cm) with obesity but no history of diabetes were enrolled and underwent 2 wk of baseline monitoring before they were instructed to eat their regular diets within a contiguous 10-h time frame each day for 8 wk. Metabolic testing was performed at baseline and week 8 during a 35-h metabolic ward stay, during which all food intake was strictly timed and controlled. Identical meal-tolerance tests were performed at breakfast and dinner. Blood glucose, glucoregulatory hormones, and subjective appetite score were measured. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were performed and the transcriptome was assessed.
The primary outcome, plasma glucose area under the curve, was altered by TRE, being unchanged at breakfast but increased at dinner. However, TRE reduced fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, body weight, and body fat, and increased glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide area under the curve at dinner. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, 117 genes were up-regulated and 202 genes down-regulated by TRE. Pathway analysis revealed down-regulation of genes involved in proteasome function and mitochondrial regulation.
TRE had a net effect of reducing glycemia and dampening energy-consuming pathways in adipose tissue.
Journal Article
Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men
Protein-rich supplements are used widely for the prevention and management of malnutrition in older people. We have reported that healthy older, compared to younger, adults have less suppression of energy intake by whey-protein—effects on appetite-related hormones are unknown. The objective was to determine the effects of intraduodenally administered whey-protein on glucose, gut hormone, and amino acid concentrations, and their relation to subsequent ad libitum energy intake at a buffet meal, in healthy older and younger men. Hydrolyzed whey-protein (30 kcal, 90 kcal, and 180 kcal) and a saline control (~0 kcal) were infused intraduodenally for 60 min in 10 younger (19–29 years, 73 ± 2 kg, 22 ± 1 kg/m2) and 10 older (68–81 years, 79 ± 2 kg, 26 ± 1 kg/m2) healthy men in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Plasma insulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and amino acid concentrations, but not blood glucose, increased, while ghrelin decreased during the whey-protein infusions. Plasma GIP concentrations were greater in older than younger men. Energy intake correlated positively with plasma ghrelin and negatively with insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acids concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, intraduodenal whey-protein infusions resulted in increased GIP and comparable ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acid responses in healthy older and younger men, which correlated to subsequent energy intake.
Journal Article