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"Hyde, Joshua"
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Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is a potentially effective treatment strategy for a number of mental conditions. However, no quantitative evidence synthesis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TMS or tDCS using the same criteria including several mental conditions is available. Based on 208 RCTs identified in a systematic review, we conducted a series of random effects meta-analyses to assess the efficacy of NIBS, compared to sham, for core symptoms and cognitive functioning within a broad range of mental conditions. Outcomes included changes in core symptom severity and cognitive functioning from pre- to post-treatment. We found significant positive effects for several outcomes without significant heterogeneity including TMS for symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (SMD = −1.8 (95% CI: −2.6 to −1), and tDCS for symptoms of substance use disorder (−0.73, −1.00 to −0.46). There was also significant effects for TMS in obsessive-compulsive disorder (−0.66, −0.91 to −0.41) and unipolar depression symptoms (−0.60, −0.78 to −0.42) but with significant heterogeneity. However, subgroup analyses based on stimulation site and number of treatment sessions revealed evidence of positive effects, without significant heterogeneity, for specific TMS stimulation protocols. For neurocognitive outcomes, there was only significant evidence, without significant heterogeneity, for tDCS for improving attention (−0.3, −0.55 to −0.05) and working memory (−0.38, −0.74 to −0.03) in individuals with schizophrenia. We concluded that TMS and tDCS can benefit individuals with a variety of mental conditions, significantly improving clinical dimensions, including cognitive deficits in schizophrenia which are poorly responsive to pharmacotherapy.
Journal Article
Posture Monitoring and Correction Exercises for Workers in Hostile Environments Utilizing Non-Invasive Sensors: Algorithm Development and Validation
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an essential key factor in standardizing safety within the workplace. Harsh working environments with long working hours can cause stress on the human body that may lead to musculoskeletal disorder (MSD). MSD refers to injuries that impact the muscles, nerves, joints, and many other human body areas. Most work-related MSD results from hazardous manual tasks involving repetitive, sustained force, or repetitive movements in awkward postures. This paper presents collaborative research from the School of Electrical Engineering and School of Allied Health at Curtin University. The main objective was to develop a framework for posture correction exercises for workers in hostile environments, utilizing inertial measurement units (IMU). The developed system uses IMUs to record the head, back, and pelvis movements of a healthy participant without MSD and determine the range of motion of each joint. A simulation was developed to analyze the participant’s posture to determine whether the posture present would pose an increased risk of MSD with limits to a range of movement set based on the literature. When compared to measurements made by a goniometer, the body movement recorded 94% accuracy and the wrist movement recorded 96% accuracy.
Journal Article
Air quality policy and fire management responses addressing smoke from wildland fires in the United States and Australia
Wildland fire emissions degrade air quality and visibility, having adverse economic, health and visibility impacts at large spatial scales globally. Air quality regulations can constrain the goals of landscape resilience and management of fire-dependent ecosystems. Here, we review the air quality regulatory framework in the United States, comparing this framework with that of Australia. In the United States, wildland fire management and air quality policies have evolved independently, yet interact to meet diverse public needs. Australian policy development is more recent and decentralised. We find that (1) for maxiumum effectiveness, smoke and fire regulatory frameworks must keep pace with scientific evidence, environmental and social change, and be accompanied by clear regulatory guidance; (2) episodic, non-stationary qualities of fire, and its role in ecosystems, pose specific challenges to regulators and policy-makers; and (3) the complexity of industry-focused air quality policies often leads to unintended consequences for fire management. More research is needed to create and implement more effective fire and air policies and better prepare social-ecological systems to address the challenges of climate change mitigation. These insights may be helpful for countries initially developing complementary fire and air policies, especially as the role of fire becomes more important geopolitically and globally.
Journal Article
A Novel Nonthermal Plasma System for Continuous On-Site Production of Nitrogen Fertilizer
Plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation is emerging as a promising alternative to the dominant industrial method of the Haber–Bosch (H–B) process, which is energy-intensive and environmentally detrimental. Nonthermal plasma technology represents a cutting-edge innovation with the potential to revolutionize nitrogen fertilizer (N-fertilizer) production, offering a more sustainable approach by operating under mild conditions, making it suitable for decentralized N-fertilizer production. Toward the goal, in this study, we demonstrate our development and test of a novel nonthermal plasma system for continuous on-site production of N-fertilizer. This technology results in a product of aqueous N-fertilizer on-site, from only air, water, and electricity without carbon emissions, directly applicable to plants, bypassing costly and hazardous multiple steps in the production and transportation of the industrial N-fertilizers.
Journal Article
Does Vocalization Increase the Positive Valence of Emotion?
This study aims to determine if the act of voicing can have an effect on mood in a withinparticipant reversal paradigm, where each participant served as their own control. Following a baseline condition, participants underwent three experimental conditions: breathing, articulating, and voicing. Following baseline and experimental conditions, participants underwent an emotion-induction paradigm by looking at pictures. They rated their current mood and arousal levels following each picture. Additionally, psychophysiological measures of facial electromyography, electrocardiography, and electrodermal responses were gathered throughout the experiment. Results were mixed, revealing that there was a mood change during aversive picture viewing toward positive moods in the articulating condition and arousal levels were lower in the articulating and voicing conditions for positive picture viewing. However, the power to detect many of the results remained poor. Findings tentatively showed that the act of making speech sounds, not simply voice may influence the way we process emotions.
Dissertation
Shale gas: A Ponzi scheme? An analysis of the Newark East, Barnett Shale
While the production of natural gas from shale formations is real and undisputed, the economic sustainability of these shale plays has recently been questioned. An understanding of the decline profile of shale gas wells is essential to analyzing the economic viability of shale gas development, especially in the later years of production. Accordingly, decline curve parameters are estimated from average monthly production data from the Newark East Field in the Barnett Shale by vintage by applying non-linear and linear estimation techniques to a hyperbolic and an exponential decline model. The root mean squared errors are compared, and indicate that hyperbolic decline assumptions are more appropriate for the data. A simple economic model using historical cost data is then developed and applied to an average horizontal well to project the economics of investing in such a well in 2012. These projections indicate that a netback price in the range of $5 to $6 is required to make the play economic at most discount rates (excluding all liquid production). From the production data analysis and a financial analysis of the industry the implications of shale gas being a Ponzi scheme are explored. Although evidence for and against the Ponzi scheme allegations is presented and discussed no conclusive evidence condemning nor liberating the industry is found.
Dissertation
Genome-Wide Association of Lipid-Lowering Response to Statins in Combined Study Populations
Statins effectively lower total and plasma LDL-cholesterol, but the magnitude of decrease varies among individuals. To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contributing to this variation, we performed a combined analysis of genome-wide association (GWA) results from three trials of statin efficacy.
Bayesian and standard frequentist association analyses were performed on untreated and statin-mediated changes in LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride on a total of 3932 subjects using data from three studies: Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (40 mg/day simvastatin, 6 weeks), Pravastatin/Inflammation CRP Evaluation (40 mg/day pravastatin, 24 weeks), and Treating to New Targets (10 mg/day atorvastatin, 8 weeks). Genotype imputation was used to maximize genomic coverage and to combine information across studies. Phenotypes were normalized within each study to account for systematic differences among studies, and fixed-effects combined analysis of the combined sample were performed to detect consistent effects across studies. Two SNP associations were assessed as having posterior probability greater than 50%, indicating that they were more likely than not to be genuinely associated with statin-mediated lipid response. SNP rs8014194, located within the CLMN gene on chromosome 14, was strongly associated with statin-mediated change in total cholesterol with an 84% probability by Bayesian analysis, and a p-value exceeding conventional levels of genome-wide significance by frequentist analysis (P = 1.8 x 10(-8)). This SNP was less significantly associated with change in LDL-cholesterol (posterior probability = 0.16, P = 4.0 x 10(-6)). Bayesian analysis also assigned a 51% probability that rs4420638, located in APOC1 and near APOE, was associated with change in LDL-cholesterol.
Using combined GWA analysis from three clinical trials involving nearly 4,000 individuals treated with simvastatin, pravastatin, or atorvastatin, we have identified SNPs that may be associated with variation in the magnitude of statin-mediated reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol, including one in the CLMN gene for which statistical evidence for association exceeds conventional levels of genome-wide significance.
PRINCE and TNT are not registered. CAP is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00451828.
Journal Article
Scientific consensus on the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to act now
The infection fatality rate of COVID-19 is several-fold higher than that of seasonal influenza,2 and infection can lead to persisting illness, including in young, previously healthy people (ie, long COVID).3 It is unclear how long protective immunity lasts,4 and, like other seasonal coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 is capable of re-infecting people who have already had the disease, but the frequency of re-infection is unknown.5 Transmission of the virus can be mitigated through physical distancing, use of face coverings, hand and respiratory hygiene, and by avoiding crowds and poorly ventilated spaces. PK reports personal fees from Kymab, outside the submitted work; PK also has a patent ‘Monoclonal antibodies to treat and prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 (Kymab)’ pending and is a scientific advisor to the Serology Working Group (Public Heath England), Testing Advisory Group (Department of Health and Social Care) and the Vaccines Task force (Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy). CS reports grants from BMS, Ono-Pharmaceuticals, and Archer Dx (collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies), outside the submitted work; personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Ventana, Ono Pharmaceutical, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Celgene, Illumina, MSD, Sarah Canon Research Institute, Genentech, Bicycle Therapeutics, and Medicixi, outside the submitted work; personal fees and stock options from GRAIL and Achilles Therapeutics, outside the submitted work; and stock options from Epic Biosciences and Apogen Biotechnologies, outside the submitted work.
Journal Article
A human-specific AS3MT isoform and BORCS7 are molecular risk factors in the 10q24.32 schizophrenia-associated locus
eQTL analysis of human brain RNA-seq data targeted to genes within the 10q24.32 schizophrenia-associated locus reveals that the risk SNP in this region is selectively associated with expression of
BORCS7
and a human-specific isoform of
AS3MT
across multiple independent samples. Expression of only the associated
AS3MT
isoform is higher in tissue from humans with schizophrenia than in healthy controls.
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with psychiatric disorders, but knowledge is lacking regarding molecular mechanisms. Here we show that risk alleles spanning multiple genes across the 10q24.32 schizophrenia-related locus are associated in the human brain selectively with an increase in the expression of both BLOC-1 related complex subunit 7 (
BORCS7
) and a previously uncharacterized, human-specific arsenite methyltransferase (
AS3MT
) isoform (
AS3MT
d2d3
), which lacks arsenite methyltransferase activity and is more abundant in individuals with schizophrenia than in controls. Conditional-expression analysis suggests that
BORCS7
and
AS3MT
d2d3
signals are largely independent. GWAS risk SNPs across this region are linked with a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the first exon of
AS3MT
that is associated with the expression of
AS3MT
d2d3
in samples from both Caucasians and African Americans. The VNTR genotype predicts promoter activity in luciferase assays, as well as DNA methylation within the
AS3MT
gene. Both
AS3MT
d2d3
and
BORCS7
are expressed in adult human neurons and astrocytes, and they are upregulated during human stem cell differentiation toward neuronal fates. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the prominent 10q24.32 locus association, including a novel and evolutionarily recent protein that is involved in early brain development and confers risk for psychiatric illness.
Journal Article