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The efficiency with which plants use nutrients to create biomass and/or grain is determined by the interaction of environmental and plant intrinsic factors. The major macronutrients, especially nitrogen (N), limit plant growth and development (1.5–2% of dry biomass) and have a direct impact on global food supply, fertilizer demand, and concern with environmental health. In the present time, the global consumption of N fertilizer is nearly 120 MT (million tons), and the N efficiency ranges from 25 to 50% of applied N. The dynamic range of ideal internal N concentrations is extremely large, necessitating stringent management to ensure that its requirements are met across various categories of developmental and environmental situations. Furthermore, approximately 60 percent of arable land is mineral deficient and/or mineral toxic around the world. The use of chemical fertilizers adds to the cost of production for the farmers and also increases environmental pollution. Therefore, the present study focused on the advancement in fertilizer approaches, comprising the use of biochar, zeolite, and customized nano and bio-fertilizers which had shown to be effective in improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) with lower soil degradation. Consequently, adopting precision farming, crop modeling, and the use of remote sensing technologies such as chlorophyll meters, leaf color charts, etc. assist in reducing the application of N fertilizer. This study also discussed the role of crucial plant attributes such as root structure architecture in improving the uptake and transport of N efficiency. The crosstalk of N with other soil nutrients plays a crucial role in nutrient homeostasis, which is also discussed thoroughly in this analysis. At the end, this review highlights the more efficient and accurate molecular strategies and techniques such as N transporters, transgenes, and omics, which are opening up intriguing possibilities for the detailed investigation of the molecular components that contribute to nitrogen utilization efficiency, thus expanding our knowledge of plant nutrition for future global food security.

A total of 108 diverse sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) accessions were characterized for quantitative and qualitative fodder-related traits and zonate leaf spot (ZLS) ( Gloeocercospora sorghi ) disease during two successive wet seasons of 2019 and 2020 in augmented randomized block design. The Shannon's diversity index and analysis of variance showed the existence of significant variability among qualitative and quantitative traits. K -mean clustering showed strong relationship between green fodder yield (GFY) and other yield-contributing traits. The dendrogram constructed based on morphological traits classified accessions into four diverse groups and most of genotype fall under cluster II. The principal component analysis bi-plot analysis showed a total variation of 68.96%, where GFY, stem weight per plant, panicle length and dry matter yield (DMY) contributed significantly. From the experimental results, three sorghum genotypes viz ., IG-03-424, IG-01-436 and IG-03-438 were identified as promising for higher GFY (808.66 g/plant) and DMY (238.0 g/plant), respectively. Further, based on disease reactions under natural condition, five genotypes viz. , EC-512397, EC512393, EC512394, EC512399 and IG-02-437 were identified as potential donor for resistance to ZLS disease. These selected lines could be used as promising sources for high biomass and disease resistance in forage sorghum breeding programme.

The current pandemic situation due to Covid-19 has put every researcher on their toes to discover new methods (whether medicine or tools and techniques) to overcome the menace from the human population. The research focus has given the generation of enormous amount of both published literature and raw research data. The research impact analysis with the help of traditional method is a time-consuming process, resulted in choosing alternative methods of impact measurement – now popularly known as Altmetric. The article analyses social media metrics of Indian publications on Covid-19 through altmetric approaches. The data for the study has been taken from Scopus and Altmetric.com and analysis was carried out for different social media activities to calculate the Altmetric attention score for Indian published literatures. An analysis was also carried out to assess whether the alternative metrics have any correlation with the citation impact. It is found that correlation between some of the social media activities and citations is highly significant.

Drought is one of the major environmental constraints limiting plant growth and development. The current investigation used polyethylene glycol (PEG 5 and 10%) to screen twenty-two fodder sorghum genotypes for drought stress compared to distilled water as a control. After 48, 72, 96 and 108 h (h) of sowing, the germination percentage (G %) was observed, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that G % significantly ( p  < 0.05) decreased in 10% PEG treatment. The decrease in the seedling length (SL) with drought stress intensity were observed after 5, 7 and 9 days of germination. Different genotypes had different root–shoot ratios, and were reduced significantly when subjected to 10% PEG treatment. Likewise, PEG treatment decreased the relative water content (RWC), seedling biomass (SB) and seedling vigor index (SVI) of 9-day-old seedlings significantly. The α-amylase activity had increased from 0.15 to 0.26 mg maltose g −1  h −1 FW when measured 24 and 48 h after seeding, respectively. However, average activity was decreased from 0.32 to 0.20 mg maltose g −1  h −1 FW under 10% PEG treatment after 48 h of sowing. The heat map revealed a strong and positive correlation ( p  < 0.05) between the final germination percentage (FGP) and SVI, as well as SL and SVI. Genotypes (IC-0285908, IC-0287137, IC-0409422, IC-0409429, IC-0253658, and IG-02-382) having high-stress tolerance index value (STI > 70) are grouped into high drought tolerant categories. The identified genotypes from this study can be used in future drought stress breeding programs and for the identification of genomic region(s) governing drought tolerance in sorghum.

[...]it is important to be mindful of the risk factors and risks associated with postpartum urinary retention. [...]the INDEPENDENT \" T\" measure is used to determine these three continuous variables (age, birth weight of the newborn, and duration of the second stage of labor). Since infected women are aymptomatic, overt retention is readily detectable by signs and symptoms. Mechanical strength applied to the pelvic muscle floor during the second stage of labour, combined with the increase in abdominal pressure associated with a macrosomic infant, can lead to pelvic and p udendal nerve injury, resulting in neurologic micturition dysfunction and, as a result, urinary retention. [...]it is important to be mindful of the risk factors and risks associated with postpartum urinary retention.

Oat is a valuable cereal of Poaceae family, which is progressively used as an elite healthy diet, as a source of protein, minerals and dietary fiber. The agro-morphological characteristics and variation in quality attributes were studied to understand the extent of variability in these traits. Morphological study revealed significant variations among the tested varieties. The yields of oat oils were varied from 2.49 to 5.91%. The Kent (5.02%), JHO-822 (5.64%), and JHO 99-2 (5.91%) were contains more than two-fold oil content as compared to JHO 99-1 (2.49%). The compositions of fatty acids such as PUFA (poly-unsaturated fatty acid) (36.5–40.08%), MUFA (mono-unsaturated fatty acid) (33.06–37.58%), and SFA (saturated fatty acid) (17.27–25.42%) were showed significant variations. The oats oil was constituted about 70% of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) with good amounts of PUFA including linoleic acid (36.0–39.35%) and linolenic acid (0.42–0.73%). The varieties JHO-2004 (12.62%), JHO-2012-2 (12.53%) and JHO-851 (11.21%), contains higher amount of proteins. The oat varieties were contained high amounts of UFA (⁓ 70%) with good amounts of protein, which made it an ideal cereal for nutraceutical applications. Among these varieties, the JHO 99-2 and JHO-851 were superior due to high oil yield (5.91, 4.02%), PUFA (38.47, 40.08%) content, and good percentage of protein (10.24, 11.21%). The data on quantitative and qualitative attributes suggested that the JHO-851 and JHO-99-2 can be used as dual purpose and also recommended as super food.

This paper presents early results on studies of floral spectral reflectance of angiosperms and introduces floral radiometry as an emergent dimension of ecological research in India. Floral spectral reflectance of 121 angiosperm species was measured using hand-held spectroradiometer. The authors describe spectral reflectance of seven representative species within 350-800 nanometer region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Characteristic absorption and reflection of flowers, in ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum is reported. Near infrared reflectance was consistently high for all species studied. Flower color is unique to a species and importance of understanding flower color from pollinator's perspective is highlighted.

Probiotics have been considered as an economical and safe alternative for the treatment of a large number of chronic diseases and improvement of human health. They are known to modulate the host immunity and protect from several infectious and non-infectious diseases. The colonization, killing of pathogens and induction of host cells are few of the important probiotic attributes which affect several functions of the host. In addition, prebiotics and non-digestible food substances selectively promote the growth of probiotics and human health through nutrient enrichment, and modulation of gut microbiota and immune system. This review highlights the role of probiotics and prebiotics alone and in combination (synbiotics) in the modulation of immune system, treatment of infections, management of inflammatory bowel disease and cancer therapy. Key points • Probiotics and their derivatives against several human diseases. • Prebiotics feed probiotics and induce several functions in the host. • Discovery of novel and biosafe products needs attention for human health.

Researches reveal that positive as well as negative association exists between media and mental health. We use media for education, entertainment and communication purpose. But when we use social media due to uncontrolled desire, stay online for long hours, we connect with other people through social media instead of social relation, we feel social, behavioural, emotional, intellectual discomfort but still we use social media, we call it internet addiction. And internet addiction is positively associated with depression. Cyber bulling, mean comments, cyber stalking, online teasing are the reasons behind this positive relationship of social media and depression. Mental illnesses are the common disease worldwide, in which depression is main. When an individual lost pleasure in daily routine activities, loss of appetite, loss of sleep, especially early in the morning a person wakes up, experience depressed mood, feeling hopeless, feeling worthlessness, feeling guilty himself/herself, poor concentration and thoughts of commit suicide are the symptoms of depression. In children symptoms are sadness, irritability, physical complaints (toothache, head ache, stomach ache) separation anxiety. There are many reasons leads to depression such as death of loved one, ending of a romantic relationship, job losing, poverty, obstacle in the path of goal and unfulfilled desires. Depression is the main cause of suicide in India as well as in the world. Suicide rates are high in younger generation. 7th April is World Health Day, we should serve our nation by helping the depressive people to overcome. Depression is not a stigma. Anybody can suffer from this mental disorder , don't feel shame to talk about your problems. Live this beautiful life with happiness, and find your happiness to help other, to erase someone's sadness with the slogan \" Let's Talk\".

This study was carried out to investigate the usages and purpose of social networking sites especially Facebook and What's app among the post graduate students who are using smart phones, of Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak. In the context of today's electronic media, social networking sites have come to mean individuals, using the Internet and web application to communicate. The objectives of the study were to find out the usages purpose, spending hours, how many students have account on Facebook and on what's app, and what students think about the usefulness of the social media in education. The study adopted the survey research design which was conducted on a sample size of 80 post graduate students. The sample was selected via simple random sampling technique. With the help of questionnaire the data were collected. The respondents completed and returned the questionnaire. The response rate was 100%. Percentage analysis was used to analyse and interpret the data. The result of the study reveals that almost every (75/80 on Facebook) (79/80 On what's app) have account on social sites. Students spend most of the time using these sites. The purposes of using are collecting information and news, for passing the time, for finding friends, for chat, for gather the likes and comments, and for all the purposes above. Many students were agreed that facebook and what's app help in study. Less students did not agree with the statement. With many benefits social networking sites have dangers also. Awareness programme should be conducted by the university to teach the students negative aspects of facebook and what's app and as well as the positive sides also.