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Malnutrition has adverse impacts on under-five children with pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to address the prevalence and impact of malnutrition on under-five years children with pneumonia, admitted to a tertiary large children hospital in Upper Egypt. This study is a prospective case-control study. All under-five children diagnosed with pneumonia who were admitted to Assiut University Children’s Hospital (AUCH) from January 1 st to December 31st, 2021, were enrolled. Based on their nutritional assessment, the studied participants were classified into 2 groups: (1): Children with pneumonia and with nutritional deficiency considered as cases, and (2): Children with pneumonia and without nutritional deficiency considered as controls. Three hundred-fifty cases and 154 control subjects were enrolled, respectively. 93.4%, 31.1%, and 61.7% of the cases had underweight, stunting, and wasting, respectively. Among those cases, there were significant differences between survivors and non-survivors with regard to some clinicodemographic factors, laboratory parameters, and anthropometric parameters. Lack of compulsory vaccination, presence of sepsis, and blood transfusion (OR 2.874, 95% CI 0.048 – 2.988, p = 0.004, 2.627, 0.040 – 2.677, p = 0.009, and 4.108, 0.134 – 3.381, p < 0.001, respectively) were significant independent predictors for mortality among malnourished children with pneumonia.     Conclusion : Malnutrition has a high prevalence in under-five children with pneumonia in our locality. It has adverse effects on the outcomes and in-hospital mortality of those children. Lack of compulsory vaccination, presence of sepsis, and blood transfusion were significant independent predictors of mortality in malnourished children with pneumonia. Larger multicenter studies are warranted. What is Known: • Malnutrition has adverse impacts on under-five children with pneumonia. • Malnutrition could be a reason for in-hospital mortality among under-five children with pneumonia. What is New: • Malnutrition has a high prevalence in under-five children with pneumonia in Upper Egypt, with its adverse effects on the outcomes and mortality of those children. • Lack of vaccination, presence of sepsis, and blood transfusion are significant independent predictors of mortality in malnourished children with pneumonia in Upper Egypt.

The real application of nanofabrication is in the nanoindustries due to their existence in nanodimensions. In this paper, it is attempted to review on the fabrication techniques of organic and inorganic nanowires, which includes vapour and solution processes. The two commonly approached methods, with respect to solution processes are fabrication through template-assisted electrodeposition technique, and the vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) as compared to organic nanowires which are fabricated through vapour and solution processes.

The aim of this 5-year longitudinal cohort study was to assess the prevalence, severity, and trends in caries increment and impact of the School Dental Incremental Care Programme (SDICP). Data were gathered from school dental records as part of the SDICP. A sample of 1830 children were included and checked for caries experience annually using World Health Organization criteria. In total, 95.4% of the children were caries free in 2004, and caries experience declined to 70.5% in 2009 with an average of 4.9% annually. At baseline, the mean DMFT (confidence interval [CI]) was 0.06 (0.05-0.08) and increased to 0.58 (0.53-0.63) in 2009. Children with active caries were 4.4% in 2004, and figures rose to 9.6% in 2009. The FT component increased most rapidly during these 5 years from 0.2% to 25.1%. Overall caries prevalence and increment was low in this study. Proportions of FT component were higher as compared with DT component with low rate of extractions during the latter years of the study.

The number of applications running in the cloud has dramatically increased in the past decade as well as the number of users accessing them. Data centres resources, architectures and conditions define the performance of the applications running on them. One of the main measures of the network efficiency is the latency, which can have a huge effect on resources utilisation, power consumption and the overall performance. In this paper, the performance of a fog network is evaluated by measuring the latency while running a facial recognition software. The network consists of two processing cells, a core network and a PON cell. The results show how network latency is affected by running the facial recognition software in the end-to-end network setup introduced in this paper.

Interference between cells or users can have a significant impact on the quality of optical wireless communication (OWC) links. This paper studies the co-existence of infrared based Micro cells with Visible light communication based Pico and Atto Cells for downlink communication. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) of each cell and the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) between cells are evaluated when an angle diversity receiver and an imaging receiver are used. The results show that Atto cell systems provide higher SNR and data rates compared to the Pico cell systems which provide higher SNR and data rates compared to Micro cell systems. The Micro cell systems however provide mobility as they provide a larger coverage area, followed by the Pico cell systems.

Recent advances in mobile technologies and cloud computing services have inspired the development of cloud-based real-time health monitoring systems. However, the transfer of health-related data to the cloud contributes to the burden on the networking infrastructures, leading to high latency and increased power consumption. Fog computing is introduced to relieve this burden by bringing services to the users proximity. This study proposes a new fog computing architecture for health monitoring applications based on a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) access network. An Energy-Efficient Fog Computing (EEFC) model is developed using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to optimize the number and location of fog devices at the network edge to process and analyze the health data for energy-efficient fog computing. The performance of the EEFC model at low data rates and high data rates health applications is studied. The outcome of the study reveals that a total energy saving of 36% and 52% are attained via processing and analysis the health data at the fog in comparison to conventional processing and analysis at the central cloud for low data rate application and high data rate application, respectively. We also developed a real-time heuristic; Energy Optimized Fog Computing (EOFC) heuristic, with energy consumption performance approaching the EEFC model. Furthermore, we examined the energy efficiency improvements under different scenarios of devices idle power consumption and traffic volume.

Passive optical networks (PON) technology has recently been proposed as a solution for scalability, energy efficiency, high capacity, low cost, flexibility and oversubscription issues in data centres. This paper experimentally demonstrates and discusses the implementation of a server centric PON based data centre architecture with high speed and reliability. The architecture is set up using a set of servers grouped into racks directly connected together and to the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) through gateway servers. The switching and routing functionalities have been embedded into servers using 4x10GE Xilinx NetFPGA. Flow continuity has been observed through live video streaming using IP cameras transmitting over up to 110 km optical connections through WDM nodes and the PON network.

Passive Optical Data Centre Networks have been developed due to the performance limitations in current data centres to provide high performance within data centre networks. An AWGR based passive optical network data centre architecture is evaluated using a TDM/WDM multiple access technique to provision the flow of traffic among the network efficiently. A Mixed Integer Linear Programming model is developed to optimise resource allocation in the architecture. Using WDM-TDM as a multiple access technique helps in solving issues such as oversubscription and congestion by allowing servers to make simultaneous transmissions of packets in different time slots. The results show that the provisioning / allocation of resource within the architecture is improved with improvements of up to 75% in resource utilisation.

Providing high data rates is one of the big concerns in visible light communication (VLC) systems. This paper introduces a data centre design that use a VLC system for downlink communication. In this work, RYGB laser diodes (LD) are used as transmitters to obtain a high modulation bandwidth. Three types of receivers, wide field of view receiver (WFOVR), 3 branches angle diversity receiver (ADR) and 50 pixels imaging receiver (ImR) are used to examine delay spread and SNR. The proposed system achieved data rates up to 14.2 Gbps using simple on-off-keying (OOK) modulation.