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"Ibrahim, F"
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Real-time driver drowsiness detection using transformer architectures: a novel deep learning approach
Driver drowsiness is a leading cause of road accidents, resulting in significant societal, economic, and emotional losses. This paper introduces a novel and robust deep learning-based framework for real-time driver drowsiness detection, leveraging state-of-the-art transformer architectures and transfer learning models to achieve unprecedented accuracy and reliability. The proposed methodology addresses key challenges in drowsiness detection by integrating advanced data preprocessing techniques, including image normalization, augmentation, and region-of-interest selection using Haar Cascade classifiers. We employ the MRL Eye Dataset to classify eye states into “Open-Eyes” and “Close-Eyes,” evaluating a range of models, including Vision Transformer (ViT), Swin Transformer, and fine-tuned transfer learning models such as VGG19, DenseNet169, ResNet50V2, InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, and MobileNet. The ViT and Swin Transformer models achieved groundbreaking accuracy rates of 99.15% and 99.03%, respectively, outperforming all other models in precision, recall, and F1-score. To ensure the generalization and robustness of the proposed models, we also evaluate their performance on the NTHU-DDD and CEW datasets, which provide diverse real-world scenarios and challenging conditions. This represents a significant advancement over existing methods, demonstrating the effectiveness of transformer-based architectures in capturing complex spatial dependencies and extracting relevant features for drowsiness detection. The proposed system also incorporates a real-time drowsiness scoring mechanism, which triggers alarms when prolonged eye closure is detected, ensuring timely intervention to prevent accidents. A key novelty of this work lies in the integration of Class Activation Mapping (CAM) for enhanced model interpretability, allowing the system to focus on critical eye regions and improve decision-making transparency. The system was rigorously tested under varying lighting conditions and scenarios involving glasses, showcasing its robustness and adaptability for real-world deployment. By combining cutting-edge deep learning techniques with real-time processing capabilities, this research offers a contactless, reliable, and efficient solution for driver drowsiness detection, significantly contributing to improved road safety and accident prevention. The proposed framework sets a new benchmark in drowsiness detection, highlighting its potential for widespread adoption in advanced driver assistance systems.
Journal Article
Melatonin Mitigates Drought Induced Oxidative Stress in Potato Plants through Modulation of Osmolytes, Sugar Metabolism, ABA Homeostasis and Antioxidant Enzymes
The effect of melatonin (MT) on potato plants under drought stress is still unclear in the available literature. Here, we studied the effect of MT as a foliar application at 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM on potato plants grown under well-watered and drought stressed conditions during the most critical period of early tuberization stage. The results indicated that under drought stress conditions, exogenous MT significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll (Chl; a, b and a + b), leaf relative water content (RWC), free amino acids (FAA), non-reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, cell membrane stability index, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) compared to the untreated plants. Meanwhile, carotenoids, proline, methylglyoxal (MG), H2O2, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly decreased compared to the untreated plants. These responses may reveal the protective role of MT against drought induced carbonyl/oxidative stress and enhancing the antioxidative defense systems. Furthermore, tuber yield was differentially responded to MT treatments under well-watered and drought stressed conditions. Since, applied-MT led to an obvious decrease in tuber yield under well-watered conditions. In contrast, under drought conditions, tuber yield was substantially increased by MT-treatments up to 0.1 mM. These results may imply that under water deficiency, MT can regulate the tuberization process in potato plants by hindering ABA transport from the root to shoot system, on the one hand, and by increasing the non-reducing sugars on the other hand.
Journal Article
Long-term impact of bone-modifying agents for the treatment of bone metastases: a systematic review
PurposeBone-modifying agents (BMAs) for bone metastases are commonly prescribed for many years even though randomized clinical trials are only 1–2 years in duration. A systematic review on the risk-benefit of BMA use for > 2 years in breast cancer or castrate-resistant prostate cancer was conducted.MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched (1970–February 2019) for randomized and observational studies, and case series reporting on BMA efficacy (skeletal-related events and quality of life) and toxicity (osteonecrosis of the jaw, renal impairment, hypocalcemia, and atypical femoral fractures) beyond 2 years.ResultsOf 2107 citations, 64 studies were identified. Three prospective and 9 retrospective studies were eligible. Data beyond 2 years was limited to subgroup analyses in all studies. Only one study (n = 181) reported skeletal-related event rates based on bisphosphonate exposure, with decreased rates from 27.6% (0–24 months) to 15.5% (> 24 months). None reported on quality of life. All 12 studies (denosumab (n = 948), zoledronate (n = 1036), pamidronate (n = 163), pamidronate-zoledronate (n = 522), ibandronate (n = 118)) reported ≥ 1 toxicity outcome. Seven bisphosphonate studies (n = 1077) and one denosumab study (n = 948) reported on osteonecrosis of the jaw. Across three studies (n = 1236), osteonecrosis of the jaw incidence ranged from 1 to 4% in the first 2 years to 3.8–18% after 2 years. Clinically significant hypocalcemia ranged from 1 to 2%. Severe renal function decline was ≤ 3%. Atypical femoral fractures were rare.ConclusionsEvidence informing the use of BMA beyond 2 years is heterogeneous and based on retrospective analysis. Prospective randomized studies with greater emphasis on quality of life are needed.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019126813
Journal Article
In Silico Analysis of the Metabolic Potential and Niche Specialization of Candidate Phylum \Latescibacteria\ (WS3)
The \"Latescibacteria\" (formerly WS3), member of the Fibrobacteres-Chlorobi-Bacteroidetes (FCB) superphylum, represents a ubiquitous candidate phylum found in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems. Recently, single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) representing the \"Latescibacteria\" were obtained from the anoxic monimolimnion layers of Sakinaw Lake (British Columbia, Canada), and anoxic sediments of a coastal lagoon (Etoliko lagoon, Western Greece). Here, we present a detailed in-silico analysis of the four SAGs to gain some insights on their metabolic potential and apparent ecological roles. Metabolic reconstruction suggests an anaerobic fermentative mode of metabolism, as well as the capability to degrade multiple polysaccharides and glycoproteins that represent integral components of green (Charophyta and Chlorophyta) and brown (Phaeophycaea) algae cell walls (pectin, alginate, ulvan, fucan, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins), storage molecules (starch and trehalose), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The analyzed SAGs also encode dedicated transporters for the uptake of produced sugars and amino acids/oligopeptides, as well as an extensive machinery for the catabolism of all transported sugars, including the production of a bacterial microcompartment (BMC) to sequester propionaldehyde, a toxic intermediate produced during fucose and rhamnose metabolism. Finally, genes for the formation of gas vesicles, flagella, type IV pili, and oxidative stress response were found, features that could aid in cellular association with algal detritus. Collectively, these results indicate that the analyzed \"Latescibacteria\" mediate the turnover of multiple complex organic polymers of algal origin that reach deeper anoxic/microoxic habitats in lakes and lagoons. The implications of such process on our understanding of niche specialization in microbial communities mediating organic carbon turnover in stratified water bodies are discussed.
Journal Article
Clades of huge phages from across Earth’s ecosystems
Bacteriophages typically have small genomes
1
and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication
2
. Here we sequenced DNA from diverse ecosystems and found hundreds of phage genomes with lengths of more than 200 kilobases (kb), including a genome of 735 kb, which is—to our knowledge—the largest phage genome to be described to date. Thirty-five genomes were manually curated to completion (circular and no gaps). Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and previously undescribed CRISPR–Cas systems, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA synthetases, tRNA-modification enzymes, translation-initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. The CRISPR–Cas systems of phages have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phages may repurpose bacterial CRISPR–Cas systems to eliminate competing phages. We phylogenetically define the major clades of huge phages from human and other animal microbiomes, as well as from oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that the large gene inventories of huge phages reflect a conserved biological strategy, and that the phages are distributed across a broad bacterial host range and across Earth’s ecosystems.
Genomic analyses of major clades of huge phages sampled from across Earth’s ecosystems show that they have diverse genetic inventories, including a variety of CRISPR–Cas systems and translation-relevant genes.
Journal Article
Enhancing the Functionality of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in a Distant Egyptian Region Using an Optimized Dynamic Voltage Restorer: Application of Artificial Rabbits Optimization
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are crucial to the production of electricity for a newly established community in Egypt, especially in grid-tied systems. Power quality (PQ) issues appear as a result of PV connection with the power grid (PG). PQ problems cause the PG to experience faults and harmonics, which affect consumers. A series compensator dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is the most affordable option for resolving the abovementioned PQ problems. To address PQ difficulties, this paper describes a grid-tied PV combined with a DVR that uses a rotating dq reference frame (dqRF) controller. The main goal of this study is to apply and construct an effective PI controller for a DVR to mitigate PQ problems. The artificial rabbits optimization (ARO) is used to obtain the best tune of the PI controller. The obtained results are compared with five optimization techniques (L-SHADE, CMAES, WOA, PSO, and GWO) to show its impact and effectiveness. Additionally, Lyapunov’s function is used to analyze and evaluate the proposed controller stability. Also, a mathematical analysis of the investigated PV, boost converter, and rotating dqRF control is performed. Two fault test scenarios are examined to confirm the efficacy of the suggested control approach. The parameters’ (voltage, current, and power) waveforms for the suggested system are improved, and the system is kept running continuously under fault periods, which improves the performance of the system. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that the presented design successfully keeps the voltage at the required level with low THD% values at the load side according to the IEEE standards and displays a clear enhancement in voltage waveforms. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used to confirm the proposed system’s performance.
Journal Article
Organizational and design requirements for facade systems works in structures and buildings
As a result of recent trends in energy consumption, innovative facade systems are being used more and more in both new building construction and renovation of old buildings. A wide range of interface system types are used to meet these requirements. Many of these systems are very complex and require not only fire safety requirements, but also other requirements such as humidity, rain protection, stability, thermal insulation and other functions. Social and technical aspects are also important. This review article provides general information about façade systems in buildings, modern facades and façade manufacturing materials. This study also deals with evaluations and technical requirements for facade systems, including aesthetic standards, insulation and other criteria. And other ideas that we will address in this article.
Journal Article
Nonviral delivery of synthetic siRNAs in vivo
Sequence-specific gene silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a Nobel prize-winning technology that is now being evaluated in clinical trials as a potentially novel therapeutic strategy. This article provides an overview of the major pharmaceutical challenges facing siRNA therapeutics, focusing on the delivery strategies for synthetic siRNA duplexes in vivo, as this remains one of the most important issues to be resolved. This article also highlights the importance of understanding the genocompatibility/toxicogenomics of siRNA delivery reagents in terms of their impact on gene-silencing activity and specificity. Collectively, this information is essential for the selection of optimally acting siRNA delivery system combinations for the many proposed applications of RNA interference.
Journal Article