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"Ibrahim, Mohammed"
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Long-term impact of bone-modifying agents for the treatment of bone metastases: a systematic review
PurposeBone-modifying agents (BMAs) for bone metastases are commonly prescribed for many years even though randomized clinical trials are only 1–2 years in duration. A systematic review on the risk-benefit of BMA use for > 2 years in breast cancer or castrate-resistant prostate cancer was conducted.MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched (1970–February 2019) for randomized and observational studies, and case series reporting on BMA efficacy (skeletal-related events and quality of life) and toxicity (osteonecrosis of the jaw, renal impairment, hypocalcemia, and atypical femoral fractures) beyond 2 years.ResultsOf 2107 citations, 64 studies were identified. Three prospective and 9 retrospective studies were eligible. Data beyond 2 years was limited to subgroup analyses in all studies. Only one study (n = 181) reported skeletal-related event rates based on bisphosphonate exposure, with decreased rates from 27.6% (0–24 months) to 15.5% (> 24 months). None reported on quality of life. All 12 studies (denosumab (n = 948), zoledronate (n = 1036), pamidronate (n = 163), pamidronate-zoledronate (n = 522), ibandronate (n = 118)) reported ≥ 1 toxicity outcome. Seven bisphosphonate studies (n = 1077) and one denosumab study (n = 948) reported on osteonecrosis of the jaw. Across three studies (n = 1236), osteonecrosis of the jaw incidence ranged from 1 to 4% in the first 2 years to 3.8–18% after 2 years. Clinically significant hypocalcemia ranged from 1 to 2%. Severe renal function decline was ≤ 3%. Atypical femoral fractures were rare.ConclusionsEvidence informing the use of BMA beyond 2 years is heterogeneous and based on retrospective analysis. Prospective randomized studies with greater emphasis on quality of life are needed.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019126813
Journal Article
Effective removal of anionic textile dyes using adsorbent synthesized from coffee waste
Adsorption of Reactive Black 5 and Congo Red from aqueous solution by coffee waste modified with polyethylenimine was investigated. The removal percentages of both dyes increased with amount of polyethyleneimine in the modified adsorbent. Characterization revealed that polyethyleneimine modification improved the adsorbent surface chemistry, while slight improvement of adsorbent textural properties was also observed. The adsorbent’s excellent performance was demonstrated by high removal percentages towards the anionic dyes in most experimental runs. The modelling result showed that anionic dyes adsorption occurred via monolayer adsorption, and chemisorption was the rate-controlling step. The adsorbent possesses higher maximum adsorption capacity towards Reactive Black 5 (77.52 mg/g) than Congo Red (34.36 mg/g), due to the higher number of functional groups in Reactive Black 5 that interact with the adsorbent. This study reveals the potential of adsorbent derived from coffee waste in textile wastewater treatment. Furthermore, surface chemistry modification is proven as an effective strategy to enhance the performance of biowaste-derived adsorbents.
Journal Article
Influence of Duranta erecta fruits extract prepared via supercritical fluid extraction on microbial growth, ultrastructure, in-vitro wound healing and oxidant stress
Diverse metabolites of plants exhibit various biological activities. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was applied at various temperatures (40, 60, and 80 ºC) to extract Duranta erecta fruits. Maximum yield of extract (0.456 g) was obtained at 60 ºC; besides, at this temperature the release of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, rutin, naringenin, rosmarinic acid, daidzein, quercetin, and kaempferol were promoted in high concentrations of 3510, 277, 326, 571, 7460, 1060, 31000, 7770, and 103 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, S. aureus, S. typhi, B. subtilis, E. coli, and C. albicans, were inhibited with highest inhibition zones such as 28±0.1, 27±0.2, 30±0.1, 25±0.1, and 30±0.2 mm, respectively at 60 ºC than that at other temperatures of the SFE. Low quantities of minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extract were recorded at 60 ºC. Ultrastructural changes were observed in the exposed B. subtilis to D. erecta fruits extract at 60 and 80 ºC including irregular, and rupture of cell wall. Antioxidant potential of D. erecta fruits extract via DPPH was recorded with promising IC50 value of 9.66 µg/mL. Moreover, FRAP antioxidant activity was confirmed with 355 equivalent (AAE) µg/mg at 60 ºC. The fruits extract from D. erecta at 60 ºC of SFE conditions reflected excellent wound healing property.
Journal Article
Transformation of hard pollen into soft matter
Pollen’s practically-indestructible shell structure has long inspired the biomimetic design of organic materials. However, there is limited understanding of how the mechanical, chemical, and adhesion properties of pollen are biologically controlled and whether strategies can be devised to manipulate pollen beyond natural performance limits. Here, we report a facile approach to transform pollen grains into soft microgel by remodeling pollen shells. Marked alterations to the pollen substructures led to environmental stimuli responsiveness, which reveal how the interplay of substructure-specific material properties dictates microgel swelling behavior. Our investigation of pollen grains from across the plant kingdom further showed that microgel formation occurs with tested pollen species from eudicot plants. Collectively, our experimental and computational results offer fundamental insights into how tuning pollen structure can cause dramatic alterations to material properties, and inspire future investigation into understanding how the material science of pollen might influence plant reproductive success.
Pollen is an abundant material; but, currently has limited applications. Here, the authors turn pollen grains into soft microgel by de-esterification of pectin molecules and explore the mechanical and structural changes of the pollen grains using physical and modelling approaches.
Journal Article
Thiazole: A Versatile Standalone Moiety Contributing to the Development of Various Drugs and Biologically Active Agents
For many decades, the thiazole moiety has been an important heterocycle in the world of chemistry. The thiazole ring consists of sulfur and nitrogen in such a fashion that the pi (π) electrons are free to move from one bond to other bonds rendering aromatic ring properties. On account of its aromaticity, the ring has many reactive positions where donor–acceptor, nucleophilic, oxidation reactions, etc., may take place. Molecules containing a thiazole ring, when entering physiological systems, behave unpredictably and reset the system differently. These molecules may activate/stop the biochemical pathways and enzymes or stimulate/block the receptors in the biological systems. Therefore, medicinal chemists have been focusing their efforts on thiazole-bearing compounds in order to develop novel therapeutic agents for a variety of pathological conditions. This review attempts to inform the readers on three major classes of thiazole-bearing molecules: Thiazoles as treatment drugs, thiazoles in clinical trials, and thiazoles in preclinical and developmental stages. A compilation of preclinical and developmental thiazole-bearing molecules is presented, focusing on their brief synthetic description and preclinical studies relating to structure-based activity analysis. The authors expect that the current review may succeed in drawing the attention of medicinal chemists to finding new leads, which may later be translated into new drugs.
Journal Article
The global convergence of spectral RMIL conjugate gradient method for unconstrained optimization with applications to robotic model and image recovery
In 2012, Rivaie et al. introduced RMIL conjugate gradient (CG) method which is globally convergent under the exact line search. Later, Dai (2016) pointed out abnormality in the convergence result and thus, imposed certain restricted RMIL CG parameter as a remedy. In this paper, we suggest an efficient RMIL spectral CG method. The remarkable feature of this method is that, the convergence result is free from additional condition usually imposed on RMIL. Subsequently, the search direction is sufficiently descent independent of any line search technique. Thus, numerical experiments on some set of benchmark problems indicate that the method is promising and efficient. Furthermore, the efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated on applications arising from arm robotic model and image restoration problems.
Journal Article
Gibberellic acid and nitrogen efficiently protect early seedlings growth stage from salt stress damage in Sorghum
Salinity one of environmental factor that limits the growth and productivity of crops. This research was done to investigate whether GA
3
(0, 144.3, 288.7 and 577.5 μM) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 90 and 135 kg N ha
−1
) could mitigate the negative impacts of NaCl (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) on emergence percentage, seedling growth and some biochemical parameters. The results showed that high salinity level decreased emergence percentage, seedling growth, relative water content, chlorophyll content (SPAD reading), catalase (CAT) and peroxide (POD), but increased soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The SOD activity was decreased by nitrogen. However, the other measurements were increased by nitrogen. The interactive impact between nitrogen and salinity was significant in most parameters except EP, CAT and POD. The seedling length, dry weight, fresh weight, emergence percentage, POD, soluble protein and chlorophyll content were significantly affected by the interaction between GA
3
and salinity. The GA
3
and nitrogen application was successful mitigating the adverse effects of salinity. The level of 144.3 and 288.7 μm GA
3
and the rate of 90 and 135 kg N ha
−1
were most effective on many of the attributes studied. Our study suggested that GA
3
and nitrogen could efficiently protect early seedlings growth from salinity damage.
Journal Article
ODBOT: Outlier detection-based oversampling technique for imbalanced datasets learning
In many real-world problems, the datasets are imbalanced when the samples of majority classes are much greater than the samples of minority classes. In general, machine learning and data mining classification algorithms perform poorly on imbalanced datasets. In recent years, various oversampling techniques have been developed in the literature to solve the class imbalance problem. Unfortunately, few of the oversampling techniques can be spread to tackle the relationship between the classes and use the correlation between attributes. Moreover, in most cases, the existing oversampling techniques do not handle multi-class imbalanced datasets. To this end, in this paper, a simple but effective outlier detection-based oversampling technique (ODBOT) is proposed to handle the multi-class imbalance problem. In the proposed ODBOT, the outlier samples are detected by clustering within the minority class(es), and then, the synthetic samples are generated by consideration of these outlier samples. The proposed ODBOT generates very efficient and consistent synthetic samples for the minority class(es) by analyzing well the dissimilarity relationships among attribute values of all classes. Moreover, ODBOT can reduce the risk of the overlapping problem among different class regions and can build a better classification model. The performance of the proposed ODBOT is evaluated with extensive experiments using commonly used 60 imbalanced datasets and five classification algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed ODBOT oversampling technique consistently outperformed the other common and state-of-the-art techniques in terms of various evaluation criteria.
Journal Article
An osteopontin/CD44 immune checkpoint controls CD8+ T cell activation and tumor immune evasion
Despite breakthroughs in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy, not all human cancers respond to ICI immunotherapy and a large fraction of patients with the responsive types of cancers do not respond to current ICI immunotherapy. This clinical conundrum suggests that additional immune checkpoints exist. We report here that interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) deficiency led to impairment of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation and allograft tumor tolerance. However, analysis of chimera mice with competitive reconstitution of WT and IRF8-KO bone marrow cells as well as mice with IRF8 deficiency only in T cells indicated that IRF8 plays no intrinsic role in CTL activation. Instead, IRF8 functioned as a repressor of osteopontin (OPN), the physiological ligand for CD44 on T cells, in CD11b+Ly6CloLy6G+ myeloid cells and OPN acted as a potent T cell suppressor. IRF8 bound to the Spp1 promoter to repress OPN expression in colon epithelial cells, and colon carcinoma exhibited decreased IRF8 and increased OPN expression. The elevated expression of OPN in human colon carcinoma was correlated with decreased patient survival. Our data indicate that myeloid and tumor cell-expressed OPN acts as an immune checkpoint to suppress T cell activation and confer host tumor immune tolerance.
Journal Article