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The effect of melatonin (MT) on potato plants under drought stress is still unclear in the available literature. Here, we studied the effect of MT as a foliar application at 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM on potato plants grown under well-watered and drought stressed conditions during the most critical period of early tuberization stage. The results indicated that under drought stress conditions, exogenous MT significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll (Chl; a, b and a + b), leaf relative water content (RWC), free amino acids (FAA), non-reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, cell membrane stability index, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) compared to the untreated plants. Meanwhile, carotenoids, proline, methylglyoxal (MG), H2O2, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly decreased compared to the untreated plants. These responses may reveal the protective role of MT against drought induced carbonyl/oxidative stress and enhancing the antioxidative defense systems. Furthermore, tuber yield was differentially responded to MT treatments under well-watered and drought stressed conditions. Since, applied-MT led to an obvious decrease in tuber yield under well-watered conditions. In contrast, under drought conditions, tuber yield was substantially increased by MT-treatments up to 0.1 mM. These results may imply that under water deficiency, MT can regulate the tuberization process in potato plants by hindering ABA transport from the root to shoot system, on the one hand, and by increasing the non-reducing sugars on the other hand.

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has been growing remarkably in the past few years. Thanks to the advantages of unmatched flexibility and zero material waste, this clean technology opens the door for new design solutions with greater material efficiency, which are not possible through conventional machining techniques. In this paper, we provide a technology overview of metal AM techniques that can be utilized in a wide range of applications, including constructing electrical machines. Different techniques of metal AM are discussed and compared. Additionally, the impact of the material forms (powder/wire) on printing speed and quality are studied. Based on the industrial and technical literature, this paper provides a comprehensive review of metal AM in the fabrication of electrical machines and their applications. This includes the current state of the art and associated benefits of AM in these applications.

Collagen is the most abundant structural protein found in humans and mammals, particularly in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Its primary function is to hold the body together. The collagen superfamily of proteins includes over 20 types that have been identified. Yet, collagen type I is the major component in many tissues and can be extracted as a natural biomaterial for various medical and biological purposes. Collagen has multiple advantageous characteristics, including varied sources, biocompatibility, sustainability, low immunogenicity, porosity, and biodegradability. As such, collagen-type-I-based bioscaffolds have been widely used in tissue engineering. Biomaterials based on collagen type I can also be modified to improve their functions, such as by crosslinking to strengthen the mechanical property or adding biochemical factors to enhance their biological activity. This review discusses the complexities of collagen type I structure, biosynthesis, sources for collagen derivatives, methods of isolation and purification, physicochemical characteristics, and the current development of collagen-type-I-based scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. The advancement of additional novel tissue engineered bioproducts with refined techniques and continuous biomaterial augmentation is facilitated by understanding the conventional design and application of biomaterials based on collagen type I.

This article aims to publish a rare terracotta head of Alexander the Great preserved in the Greco-Roman Museum. The head depicts Alexander the Great wearing a cap called kausia. Alexander Was not depicted with this cap before from Egypt despite some attempts to prove this. The study will include comparisons between our head and the previously published heads of Alexander the Great from Egypt. Also, the research spotlight on the Macedonian identity of Alexander. The kausia was a Macedonian headgear worn by the Macedonian kings after Alexander the Great, perhaps Alexander wore it after his campaign against India. Additionally, the kausia was worn by Macedonian boys and youth, as well as the Ptolemaic kings. It has been a distinctive headgear for the inhabitants of Afghanistan until now. Hence the importance of this rare head is strong and clear evidence of the correctness of what various literary sources mentioned in Alexander the Great wearing this cap, which was associated with chlamys and the krepides sandal.

Evaluation of shrinkage strain in long concrete structures such as prestressed concrete box girder bridges is very important for the design of such structures. A wrong evaluation may contribute to loss of prestressing force, excessive deflections, cambers and cracking of the structure. It may also affect the durability and serviceability of the structure. The value of shrinkage strain is required during design, far before the construction process. However, realistic evaluation is still a difficult problem because shrinkage strain is influenced by the concrete composition and environmental factors such as humidity and temperature. Therefore, to gain the best evaluation, an experimental program was conducted to measure the shrinkage strain of concrete versus concrete age. Several concrete specimens were collected during pouring of several box girder segments of Tauranga Harbour Link, New Zealand. Variation of shrinkage strain versus concrete age for almost two years of data collection was plotted.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a contemporary, information-driven innovative technology. Prosthetic dentistry, also known as prosthodontics, is the restoration and reconstruction of missing teeth utilizing implants for permanent and removable prostheses. It enhances healthy soft and hard tissues, promoting oral health. This study examined the use of artificial intelligence in prosthodontics to diagnose abnormalities and create patient-specific prostheses. Two researchers searched Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO host, Science Direct, and Web of Science (MEDLINE, WOS, and KJD). Articles on AI in English were reviewed. We also collected the following broad article aspects: research and control groups, assessment methodology, outcomes, and quality rankings. This methodological study examined AI use in prosthodontics using the latest scientific findings. The findings were statistically evaluated using ANOVA. Titles and abstracts revealed 172 AI-related dentistry studies, which were analyzed in this research. Thirty-eight papers were eliminated. According to the evaluation, AI was found to have significantly increased in prosthodontics. Despite the vast number of studies documenting AI applications, the description of the data illustrated the latest breakthroughs in AI in prosthodontics, highlighting its use in automatically produced diagnostics, predicting analytics, and classification or verification tools.

The human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, had a negative impact on both the economy and human health, and the emerging resistant variants are an ongoing threat. One essential protein to target to prevent virus replication is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Sofosbuvir, a uridine nucleotide analog that potently inhibits viral polymerase, has been found to help treat SARS-CoV-2 patients. This work combines molecular docking and dynamics simulation (MDS) to test 14 sofosbuvir-based modifications against SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. The results reveal comparable (slightly better) average binding affinity of five modifications (compounds 3 , 4 , 11 , 12 , and 14 ) to the parent molecule, sofosbuvir. Compounds 3 and 4 show the best average binding affinities against SARS-CoV-2 RdRp (− 16.28 ± 5.69 and − 16.25 ± 5.78 kcal/mol average binding energy compared to − 16.20 ± 6.35 kcal/mol for sofosbuvir) calculated by Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) after MDS. The present study proposes compounds 3 and 4 as potential SARS-CoV-2 RdRp blockers, although this has yet to be proven experimentally.

Partial edentulism poses challenges to oral function, aesthetics, and quality of life. Implant placement techniques-freehand, pilot-drilled, and fully guided-differ in accuracy, surgical time, and outcomes. In this study, only one predefined index implant per patient was analyzed to avoid confounding from multi-implant cases, and template fabrication for the pilot-drilled group was performed using diagnostic wax-up and thermoplastic material. This study evaluated these techniques in partially edentulous patients. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to three groups: freehand (n = 30), pilot- drilled (n = 30), and fully guided (n = 30). Surgery duration, implant placement accuracy, post- operative complications, early implant failure rates, and patient satisfaction were measured. Accuracy was assessed using standardized CBCT imaging at 12 months, and satisfaction was evaluated via a validated questionnaire six months after prosthetic loading. The fully guided technique demonstrated superior accuracy (p < 0.001), shorter surgical times (45 minutes vs. 60 and 75 minutes, p < 0.01), fewer complications (5% vs. 15% and 20%, p < 0.05), and higher satisfaction (9.2/10, p < 0.01). Early implant failure, defined at the implant level, occurred in 4/30 implants (13.3%) in the freehand group, 0/30 in the pilot-drilled group, and 2/30 in the fully guided group (p < 0.05). Fully guided implant surgery outperformed other techniques in accuracy, efficiency, and patient satisfaction. These findings support fully guided, prosthetically driven workflows as a preferred option for partially edentulous patients, particularly in cases requiring high precision.

Bingham plastic fluids are frequently found in both biological and industrial contexts, especially in situations requiring the movement of mucus, chyme, or blood that has unusual viscosity through microchannels. Inspired by the function of cilia-driven peristalsis in biological transport, this research presents a new mathematical model for the peristaltic motion of a Bingham plastic fluid that contains active microorganisms within an asymmetric microchannel incorporating slip boundary effect. The primary partial differential equations governing momentum, heat, concentration, and the transport of microorganisms are transformed into a non-dimensional format based on the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. By utilizing suitable scaling parameters, the system is simplified to a pair of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The slip effects are included along the channel walls, and the cilia-induced movement is represented through parameters relating to eccentricity and cilia length. The obtained equations, together with the relevant boundary conditions, are solved numerically using the bvp4c method in MATLAB. The findings indicate that slip increases the velocity near the walls of the channel, but decreases it in the core of the channel. A rise in the Bingham number diminishes fluid trapping, whereas a greater eccentricity enhances pumping efficiency by decreasing recirculating bolus regions. The temperature rises due to heat generation and Joule heating but is lowered by thermal radiation and heat sink effects. Concentration declines with an increase in Schmidt number and chemical reactions, while the density of microorganisms decreases with thermophoresis, bioconvection constant, and Peclet number. The novelty of this study lies in integrating the Bingham plastic rheology with cilia-induced wall motion, slip effects, and microorganism transport in an asymmetric channel. This fills a gap in the existing literature where such a combination has not been previously addressed, despite its strong relevance to physiological flows such as mucus clearance, chyme transport, and biomedical peristaltic pump design.