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The problem of this research was that the pre-service teachers face a number of problems during their practice teaching that were hard to be solved. Thus, they needed to be trained systematically on facing these problems to acquire the skills that enable them to be professional teachers. This research aimed at developing English pre-service teachers' practice teaching using Mentorship. The sample of the study included (6) participants. They studied the suggested program in which they were trained on using the mentoring skills to reflect on their teaching with an aim of improving their teaching performance. A number of instruments were designed and used to conduct mentorship. A reflection sheet and a post student teaching questionnaire were designed and introduced to the participants of the research. The qualitative analysis of the students' responses showed their benefit from the program. Results of the research indicated that using the mentoring program was effective in developing the pre- service teachers' practice teaching skills. Results also showed that the positive relationship among the participants and the co-operative atmosphere among them had a positive effect on their autonomy and self-evaluation.

The main purpose of this research was investigating the effect of Cloud Computing program on developing technical terminology in English for first year Applied Arts students (n=100). Students of 1st year of The Higher Institute of Applied Arts at New Cairo Academy specialized in Interior Design and Marketing were participated and assigned to two experimental groups and two control groups. Two pre-post technical terminology tests were administered to both the experimental and control groups. When statistical analysis was performed, it was found that significant differences existed between the mean scores of the experimental groups on the pre and post administration of the tests. Moreover, it was found that using a cloud computing program was effective in developing technical terminology of the experimental groups. It was concluded that using the cloud computing applications proved to have a large effect size on developing technical terminology. Based on these results, it was recommended that: (1) technical terminology should be given more attention through a checklist that is derived from the needs analysis. It is designed to assist students to become more motivated and to increase students' positive attitudes to learn English language that is relevant to their specializations. (2) Using effective teaching methods is recommended to meet students' needs and desires to learn English. (3) More time and effort should be devoted to develop technical terminology.

The present study aimed at developing the required EFL speaking skills for the 1st grade preparatory pupils through the use of the smart practice devices. The participants of the study were chosen randomly and divided into an experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=30) from one of the government schools in Giza namely Tersa Governmantal Language school. The pre-post test was designed and submitted to panel of the jury to members to validate them before administering to the two groups. The researcher taught the experimental group using Smart devices practices to develop speaking skills. while the control group was taught using the regular method. The results proved that there was statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups; in favor for the experimental group. Thus, the research recommended that using Smart Devices Practices that motivate preparatory school pupils to develop their Speaking skills.

This study investigates the effectiveness of using authentic materials to improve vocabulary mastery among secondary school students. Employing a quasi-experimental pre-post one-group design, the study involved 22 third-year secondary school students. A vocabulary instruction program utilizing authentic materials was implemented. Prior to the intervention, participants' vocabulary mastery was assessed through a pre-vocabulary test. The intervention included explicit exposure to various authentic materials such as newspapers, blogs, and magazine articles. Post-intervention, students were assessed with a post-vocabulary test to determine the impact of the intervention. Results indicated that the mean scores on the post-vocabulary test significantly exceeded those on the pre-vocabulary test. Thus, authentic materials were effective in enhancing vocabulary mastery for secondary school students. The study underscores the importance of integrating authentic materials into the secondary school curriculum to foster better vocabulary acquisition.

The present study aimed at developing the necessary EFL critical writing skills for secondary language school students through using Reader Response Approach. Thus, 40 secondary language school students were randomly selected and divided into two groups (20 for the experimental group and 20 for the control group). The necessary critical writing skills for secondary language school students were determined through the use of a checklist approved by a jury of specialists in teaching English. Then, a pre-post test of those skills was designed and administered to the two groups before the experiment. During the experiment, the experimental group received critical writing instruction using Reader Response Approach, while the control group received the regular instruction. After the experiment which lasted for four weeks, four hours a week, in April in the academic year 2016/2017, the test was post administered to the two groups. The statistical analysis of the obtained data from the two administrations of the targeted critical writing skills' test confirmed the effectiveness of using Reader Response Approach on developing the experimental group's targeted EFL critical writing skills. Thus, the aim of the study was achieved as using Reader Response Approach showed a large effect size and was effective in developing the necessary EFL critical writing skills for Secondary Language School Students.

The study of morpho-anatomical aspects, metabolic changes of proteins, antioxidant substances, as well as phenolic compounds in embryogenic callus (EC) and degenerative embryogenic callus (DEC) was the aim of the present investigation. Ability to form somatic embryos (SEs) was associated with the softness of the EC, which exhibited a white or creamy color and was composed of isodiametric cells containing dense cytoplasm, conspicuous nuclei and minimal vacuoles with observed mitotic activity. Furthermore, protein, reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASC) concentrations and the ratio between ASC and dehydroascorborbic acid (DHA) were increased significantly in the EC in comparison to the DEC. In addition, the phenolic extract of the EC was proved to have higher scavenging activity than the extract from the DEC. A loss of embryogenic competence in the DEC was correlated with the presence of more rigid clumps and such calli had a yellowish to brown color and no cell division could be observed in the cells of such aggregates as the cells had large vacuoles and they have very thick walls. Moreover, these morphological and anatomical observations of the DEC were accompanied by accumulations of the oxidized form of ascorbic acid (DHA), H2O2, total soluble phenolic compounds and overaccumulation of naringenin. Alternations in cellular metabolism can affect and regulate the morphogenesis of somatic embryos.

Plant growth regulators can affect the primary and secondary metabolites of various plant species. However, the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the composition of lavender oil, especially related to the terpenoid pathway, is still unclear in literatures. In this study, the effect of PBZ as a foliar spray (0.200, 400 and 600 ppm) on the vegetative growth, phytochemical content, and both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of lavender oil were investigated. The results indicated that all examined PBZ treatments led to a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in growth parameters compared to the untreated plants. Meanwhile, the yield of essential oil was significantly decreased by the treatment of PBZ at 200 ppm compared to the control. In contrast, applied-PBZ significantly enhanced the chlorophyll content and displayed a marked change in the composition of the essential oil. This change included an obvious and significant increase in 3-carene, eucalyptol, γ–terpinene, α-pinocarvone, caryophyllene, β-vetivenene, β-santalol, ledol, geranyl isovalerate, farnesol, caryophyllene oxide, and phytol percentage. Generally, the highest significant values were achieved by the treatment of 400 ppm compared to the other treatments. Furthermore, this treatment showed the highest free radical scavenging activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) by 13% over the control. Additionally, to determine the antimicrobial activities of the extracted oil, each treatment was examined against two strains of Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. cereus), two strains of Gram negative bacteria (S. enteritidis and E. coli), and two fungal species (C. albicans and A. niger) represent the yeast modal and filamentous fungus, respectively. The findings demonstrated that all examined species were more sensitive to the oil that was extracted from lavender plants, treated with 400 ppm PBZ, compared to the other concentrations.