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The pharmacokinetics and the effects of a single intramuscular (IM) dose of alfaxalone on sedation and cardiopulmonary and echocardiographic variables was studied in dogs. Twelve healthy adult Beagles (3 females, 9 males) were used in this prospective controlled cross-over trial. Echocardiography was performed with and without 4 mg kg-1 alfaxalone IM with a week wash-out interval. Sedation (19-point scale; 0 = no sedation), cardiopulmonary parameters, blood gas analysis and plasma concentration of alfaxalone were assessed every 5 minutes following the injection (T0). The influence of the alfaxalone plasma concentration and time on physiological variables was tested using a linear model whereas echocardiographic measurements were compared between conscious and alfaxalone-administered dogs using paired t-tests. Compared to baseline, alfaxalone administration was followed by an increase in heart rate (HR) from T5 to T30 and a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at T10, T25 and T30, in stroke volume (SV; 15 ± 5 to 11 ± 3 ml; P<0.0001), and end-diastolic volume (EDV; 24.7 ± 5.7 to 19.4 ± 4.9 ml). Cardiac output (CO) and blood gas analysis did not change significantly throughout. Mean plasma half-life was 29 ± 8 minutes, volume of distribution was 1.94 ± 0.63 L kg-1, and plasma clearance was 47.7 ± 14.1 ml kg-1 minute-1. Moderate to deep sedation was observed from T5 to T35. Ten dogs showed paddling, trembling, nystagmus and strong reaction to sound during the procedure. Although there were no significant changes in CO and oxygenation, the impact of HR, MAP, SV, EDV alterations requires further investigations in dogs with cardiac disease.

Background Small-diameter, myelinated axons are selectively susceptible to dysfunction in several inflammatory PNS and CNS diseases, resulting in pain and degeneration, but the mechanism is not known. Methods We used in vivo confocal microscopy to compare the effects of inflammation in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), a model of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), on mitochondrial function and transport in large- and small-diameter axons. We have compared mitochondrial function and transport in vivo in (i) healthy axons, (ii) axons affected by experimental autoimmune neuritis, and (iii) axons in which mitochondria were focally damaged by laser induced photo-toxicity. Results Mitochondria affected by inflammation or laser damage became depolarized, fragmented, and immobile. Importantly, the loss of functional mitochondria was accompanied by an increase in the number of mitochondria transported towards, and into, the damaged area, perhaps compensating for loss of ATP and allowing buffering of the likely excessive Ca 2+ concentration. In large-diameter axons, healthy mitochondria were found to move into the damaged area bypassing the dysfunctional mitochondria, re-populating the damaged segment of the axon. However, in small-diameter axons, the depolarized mitochondria appeared to “plug” the axon, obstructing, sometimes completely, the incoming (mainly anterograde) transport of mitochondria. Over time (~ 2 h), the transported, functional mitochondria accumulated at the obstruction, and the distal part of the small-diameter axons became depleted of functional mitochondria. Conclusions The data show that neuroinflammation, in common with photo-toxic damage, induces depolarization and fragmentation of axonal mitochondria, which remain immobile at the site of damage. The damaged, immobile mitochondria can “plug” myelinated, small-diameter axons so that successful mitochondrial transport is prevented, depleting the distal axon of functioning mitochondria. Our observations may explain the selective vulnerability of small-diameter axons to dysfunction and degeneration in a number of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.

Introduction We investigated whether treatment with terlipressin during recovery from hypotension due to haemorrhagic shock (HS) is effective in restoring cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and brain tissue markers of water balance, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Methods In this randomised controlled study, animals undergoing HS (target mean arterial pressure (MAP) 40 mmHg for 30 minutes) were randomised to receive lactated Ringer’s solution (LR group; n =14; volume equal to three times the volume bled), terlipressin (TERLI group; n =14; 2-mg bolus), no treatment (HAEMO group; n =12) or sham ( n =6). CPP, systemic haemodynamics (thermodilution technique) and blood gas analyses were registered at baseline, shock and 5, 30, 60 (T60), 90 and 120 minutes after treatment (T120). After the animals were killed, brain tissue samples were obtained to measure markers of water balance (aquaporin-4 (AQP4)), Na + -K + -2Cl − co-transporter (NKCC1)), oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)) and apoptotic damage (Bcl-x and Bax). Results Despite the HS-induced decrease in cardiac output (CO) and hyperlactataemia, resuscitation with terlipressin recovered MAP and resulted in restoration of CPP and in cerebral protection expressed by normalisation of AQP4, NKCC1, TBARS and MnSOD expression and Bcl-x/Bax ratio at T60 and T120 compared with sham animals. In the LR group, CO and blood lactate levels were recovered, but the CPP and MAP were significantly decreased and TBARS levels and AQP4, NKCC1 and MnSOD expression and Bcl-x/Bax ratio were significantly increased at T60 and T120 compared with the sham group. Conclusions During recovery from HS-induced hypotension, terlipressin was effective in normalising CPP and cerebral markers of water balance, oxidative damage and apoptosis. The role of this pressor agent on brain perfusion in HS requires further investigation.

The occlusion of inguinal ring is the treatment to avoid the inguinal hernia in horses. The aim of this study is evaluate the efficacy of homologous pericardium grafts for internal inguinal ring closure in horses, comparing mechanical or manual laparoscopic suture. Cross over study, using six healthy intact male Mangalarga breed horses aged between 3 and 12 years. Horses were operated under general anesthesia in 25º Trendelenburg position. Five laparoscopic portals were employed. Pericardium grafts measuring 4x5cm were anchored covering the left and right internal inguinal rings using either manual intracorporeal suture or laparoscopic stapler. Horses were followed-up during 11 weeks when were submitted to a laparoscopic control. Surgical time, trans and postoperative complications and effectiveness of internal inguinal closure were evaluated and statistically analyzed. The level of significance was set at 5% P<0.05. The procedures were realized without complications and the mean time required for manual and mechanical suture procedures differed significantly (67.8±15.3 and 14.1±2.1 min respectively; P<0.05). All manually sutured grafts remained in place and partial suture dehiscence with incomplete occlusion of the internal inguinal ring was observed in two stapled grafts. Non-severe complications were observed trans or postoperatively. One synechiae and three omental adhesions were observed by laparoscopic control on day 77, but without clinical relevance in the evaluated period. The use of homologous pericardium grafts was effectiveness to internal inguinal ring closure by laparoscopy. Mechanical suture was faster to perform than manual, but provided less satisfactory results concerning safety of graft fixation. RESUMO: A oclusão dos anéis inguinais é o tratamento indicado para evitar as hérnias inguinais comumente observadas nos equinos. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a eficácia do uso de enxerto de pericárdio homólogo para recobrimento do anel inguinal interno de equinos, fixado por laparoscopia, comparando a sutura manual e mecânica. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis equinos machos não castrados da raça Mangalarga com idade entre 3 e 12 anos. Os cavalos foram operados sob anestesia geral em posição de Trendelenburg com inclinação de 25º. Cinco portais laparoscópicos foram empregados. Enxertos de pericárdio homólogo, medindo 4X5cm, foram ancorados recobrindo os anéis inguinais internos esquerdo e direito, sendo em um dos lados fixado com sutura manual intracorpórea e o contralateral fixado com grampos, escolhidos por sorteio previamente ao procedimento, distribuído equitativamente. Os cavalos foram acompanhados por 11 semanas do período pós-operatório. O tempo cirúrgico, eventuais complicações trans ou pós-operatórias e a efetividade do procedimento foram avaliados e analisados estatisticamente com nível de significância de 5% P<0,05. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações, com tempo médio requerido para realização da sutura manual e com grampos de 67,8±15,3 e 14,1±2,1 minutos, respectivamente, havendo diferença significativa P<0,05. Todos os implantes suturados manualmente levaram à oclusão do anel inguinal profundo, enquanto houve deiscência parcial da sutura, com incompleta oclusão do anel, em dois dos seis implantes fixados por sutura mecânica, na avaliação aos 77 dias. Não ocorreram complicações significativas no período trans ou pós-operatório, sendo observada a presença de uma sinéquia e três aderências de omento durante laparoscopia de controle aos 77 dias, porém sem relevância clínica no período estudado. O uso de pericárdio homólogo foi efetivo para oclusão do anel vaginal em equinos por laparoscopia. A sutura mecânica foi realizada em menor tempo, quando comparada à sutura manual, porém propiciou resultado menos satisfatório no que diz respeito à segurança da técnica para fixação do enxerto.

BackgroundIn hemorrhagic shock (HS), volume replacement with crystalloid solution can restore the hemodynamic status and decrease mortality. However, it can also lead to tissue edema and pulmonary congestion, as well as increasing vascular permeability. Here, we analyzed the effects that resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) or administration of the vasopressin analog terlipressin has on renal function in a porcine model of HS.MethodsUsing pressure-controlled bleeding, we induced pigs to HS, maintaining mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 40 mm Hg for 30 min. Animals were divided into 4 groups: sham (anesthesia only); shock-only (HS induction); shock+LRS (HS induction and subsequent resuscitation with LRS at 3 times the volume of blood removed); and shock+Terli (HS induction and subsequent bolus administration of 2 mg of terlipressin). Parameters were evaluated at baseline, then at 30, 60, and 120 min after treatment (T30, T60, and T120, respectively). Animals were euthanized at T60 or T120.ResultsBoth treatments restored MAP to baseline values. At T30 and T60, creatinine clearance was highest in shock+LRS pigs, whereas it was highest in shock+Terli pigs at T120. Both treatments initially induced hyponatremia, although urinary excretion of all ions was higher in shock+LRS pigs at T30. Both treatments restored Na–K–2Cl cotransporter expression, whereas only terlipressin restored aquaporin 2 expression. Both treatments also prevented HS-induced acute tubular necrosis. Expression of the vasopressin receptors V1a and V2 was highest in shock-only pigs. At T120, V1a expression was lowest in shock+LRS pigs.DiscussionTerlipressin might be useful for preventing HS-induced acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND: This prospective randomized blinded clinical study aimed to investigate the potential of vedaprofen for preventive analgesia, comparing its analgesic effects with ketoprofen administered post-operatively in dogs undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy. RESULTS: Pain control was effective and rescue analgesia was not necessary in any group. Pain scores were not significantly different between groups. The respiratory rate and rectal temperature were decreased in all groups at extubation until 6 hours post-extubation compared to baseline. Cortisol and epinephrine levels were increased only at 0.5 hours after extubation in all groups compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Vedaprofen did not present any preventive analgesic effect. Pre- and postoperative vedaprofen were as effective as ketoprofen for postoperative pain control.

A six-month-old neutered male German shepherd dog with aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) was premedicated with methadone, medetomidine and then fentanyl; anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with infusions of medetomidine and fentanyl and isoflurane in oxygen. Hartmann’s solution and noradrenaline were administered for cardiovascular support. Arterial pressure was measured using Doppler technique in both metacarpal arteries and invasive technique in both dorsal pedal arteries. During ARSA occlusion test, severe hypotension (30 mmHg) in the right forelimb, bradycardia (45 bpm) and advanced atrioventricular blocks (AVB) were observed. The occlusion test was interrupted; atropine was administered; cardiovascular parameters, except AVB, were normalised; medetomidine and noradrenaline were interrupted. Other two attempts of ARSA occlusion generated similar cardiovascular side effects. The surgical correction was precluded and the animal was recovered from anaesthesia. This case indicates that ARSA occlusion can be followed by severe arrhythmias and focus on the management of these alterations.

The occlusion of inguinal ring is the treatment to avoid the inguinal hernia in horses. The aim of this study is evaluate the efficacy of homologous pericardium grafts for internal inguinal ring closure in horses, comparing mechanical or manual laparoscopic suture. Cross over study, using six healthy intact male Mangalarga breed horses aged between 3 and 12 years. Horses were operated under general anesthesia in 25° Trendelenburg position. Five laparoscopic portals were employed. Pericardium grafts measuring 4x5cm were anchored covering the left and right internal inguinal rings using either manual intracorporeal suture or laparoscopic stapler. Horses were followed-up during 11 weeks when were submitted to a laparoscopic control. Surgical time, trans and postoperative complications and effectiveness of internal inguinal closure were evaluated and statistically analyzed. The level of significance was set at 5% P < 0.05. The procedures were realized without complications and the mean time required for manual and mechanical suture procedures differed significantly (67.8 ± 15.3 and 14.1 ± 2.1 min respectively; P < 0.05). All manually sutured grafts remained in place and partial suture dehiscence with incomplete occlusion of the internal inguinal ring was observed in two stapled grafts. Non-severe complications were observed trans or postoperatively. One synechiae and three omental adhesions were observed by laparoscopic control on day 77, but without clinical relevance in the evaluated period. The use of homologous pericardium grafts was effectiveness to internal inguinal ring closure by laparoscopy. Mechanical suture was faster to perform than manual, but provided less satisfactory results concerning safety of graft fixation. Key words: equine, inguinal hernia, laparoscopy, herniorraphy. A oclusao dos aneis inguinais e o tratamento indicado para evitar as hernias inguinais comumente observadas nos equinos. O objetivo do trabalho e avaliar a eficacia do uso de enxerto de pericardio homologo para recobrimento do anel inguinal interno de equinos, fixado por laparoscopia, comparando a sutura manual e mecanica. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis equinos machos nao castrados da raca Mangalarga com idade entre 3 e 12 anos. Os cavalos foram operados sob anestesia geral em posicao de Trendelenburg com inclinacao de 25°. Cinco portais laparoscopicos foram empregados. Enxertos de pericardio homologo, medindo 4X5cm, foram ancorados recobrindo os aneis inguinais internos esquerdo e direito, sendo em um dos lados fixado com sutura manual intracorporea e o contralateral fixado com grampos, escolhidos por sorteio previamente ao procedimento, distribuido equitativamente. Os cavalos foram acompanhados por 11 semanas do periodo posoperatorio. O tempo cirurgico, eventuais complicacoes trans ou pos-operatorias e a efetividade do procedimento foram avaliados e analisados estatisticamente com nivel de significancia de 5% P < 0,05. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicacoes, com tempo medio requerido para realizacao da sutura manual e com grampos de 67,8 ± 15,3 e 14,1 ± 2,1 minutos, respectivamente, havendo diferenca significativa P < 0,05. Todos os implantes suturados manualmente levaram a oclusao do anel inguinal profundo, enquanto houve deiscencia parcial da sutura, com incompleta oclusao do anel, em dois dos seis implantes fixados por sutura mecanica, na avaliacao aos 77 dias. Nao ocorreram complicacoes significativas no periodo trans ou pos-operatorio, sendo observada a presenca de uma sinequia e tres aderencias de omento durante laparoscopia de controle aos 77 dias, porem sem relevancia clinica no periodo estudado. O uso de pericardio homologo foi efetivo para oclusao do anel vaginal em equinos por laparoscopia. A sutura mecanica foi realizada em menor tempo, quando comparada a sutura manual, porem propiciou resultado menos satisfatorio no que diz respeito a seguranca da tecnica para fixacao do enxerto. Palavras-chave: equino, hernia inguinal, laparoscopia, herniorrafia.