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Canadian nursing regulators have implemented various innovations to reform regulatory approaches to address workforce challenges, system demands, governance reforms, and a drive for efficiency. Given the significant role that regulators play in influencing patient safety, workforce, and health system outcomes, decision-making must be evidence-informed. This review examined the nature, extent, and range of literature related to nursing regulation in Canada and how the existing scholarship aligns with emerging regulatory and health system trends to inform the development of a research agenda. The review was conducted following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and with the support of a medical research librarian. A total of 195 sources, including scholarly (n = 156, 80%) and grey literature sources (n = 39, 20%), were included and reviewed. Just over half of the included scholarly sources were empirical studies (n = 80, 51.3%). The number of publications has steadily increased over the last few decades, and the majority of sources were situated in a provincial/territorial context (n = 104, 53.3%), followed by the national (n = 67, 34.4%) and global context (n = 24, 12.3%). The majority of the literature was led by scholars or professional groups unaffiliated with nursing regulators (n = 129, 66.2%). In contrast, nursing regulators led, commissioned, or were involved in a smaller portion of sources (n = 66, 33.8%). The largest category of literature focused on regulatory models, governance structures, and reforms (n = 59, 30.3%); followed by registration and licensure (n = 57, 29.2%); nursing roles and standards (n = 53, 27.2%); conduct, complaints, and discipline (n = 13, 6.7%); continuing competence programs (n = 11, 5.7%); and education program approval/accreditation (n = 2, 1%). The current literature base related to nursing regulation in Canada is largely descriptive and non-empirical and may not provide sufficient evidence to inform regulatory decision-making. This highlights opportunities for regulators and researchers to enhance collaboration to co-create research agendas that can maximize knowledge development and mobilization efforts.

Viruses manipulate host cellular machinery to propagate their life cycle, with one key strategy being the mimicry of short linear motifs (SLiMs) found in host proteins. While databases continue to expand with virus–host protein–protein interaction (vhPPI) data, accurately predicting viral mimicry remains challenging due to the inherent degeneracy of SLiMs. In this study, we investigate how viral genomic composition influences motif mimicry and the mechanisms through which viruses hijack host cellular functions. We assessed domain–motif interaction (DMI) enrichment differences, and also predicted new DMIs based on known viral motifs with varying stringency levels, using SLiMEnrich v.1.5.1. Our findings reveal that dsDNA viruses capture significantly more known DMIs compared to other viral groups, with dsRNA viruses also exhibiting higher DMI enrichment than ssRNA viruses. Additionally, we identified new vhPPIs mediated via SLiMs, particularly within different viral genomic contexts. Understanding these interactions is vital for elucidating viral strategies to hijack host functions, which could inform the development of targeted antiviral therapies.

Background: Digital knowledge translation (KT) interventions play a crucial role in advancing adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH). Despite the extensive literature on their effectiveness, there’s a lack of synthesized evidence on the efficacy of digital KT tools for adolescent ASRH globally. Objectives: This review aimed to systematically identify and map existing empirical evidence on digital KT tools targeting ASRH outcomes and identify research gaps. Design: The review employed an evidence gap-map (EGM) approach following 2020 PRISMA reporting guidelines. Data sources and methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases including Medline, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL, Scopus, and Cochrane. Covidence software was used for data management. EPPI-Mapper software was used to synthesize findings and develop a graphical EGM. Results: The EGM comprises 68 studies: 59 experimental and 9 systematic reviews, predominantly from African (19 studies) and American regions (22 studies), with limited research from the Eastern Mediterranean and South East Asian regions. It examines digital KT tools’ influence on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes, identifying research gaps. Websites are extensively studied for their impact on adolescent behavior, knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy, yet research on their effects on ASRH and health services access is limited. Similarly, mobile apps and short message service (SMS)/text messages impact various aspects of SRH outcomes, but research on their effects on health services utilization is insufficient. Interventions like digital pamphlets and gaming lack exploration in health service access. OTT media and social media need further investigation. Mass media, including radio, television, and podcasts, are largely unexplored in adolescent SRH outcomes. Topics such as menstrual hygiene, abortion, and sexual and intimate partner violence also lack research. Conclusion: The review underscores the dominance of certain KT tool interventions like SMS and websites. Despite advancements, research gaps persist in exploring diverse digital platforms on underrepresented outcomes globally. Future research should expand exploration across digital platforms and broaden the scope of outcome measures. Trial registration: The protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022373970).

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease well-known to demonstrate sexual dimorphism in incidence and severity, although the mechanisms causing these differences remain incompletely understood. RPS4X and RPS4Y1 are X and Y-chromosome-linked genes coding ribosomal subunits previously associated with inflammation, airway remodelling and asthma medication efficacy. Particularly, RPS4Y1 has been under-investigated within the context of disease, with little examination of molecular mechanisms and pathways regulated by this gene. The ribosome, a vital cellular machinery, facilitates the translation of mRNA into peptides and then proteins. Imbalance or dysfunction in ribosomal components may lead to malfunctioning proteins. Using CRISPR-Cas9 knockout cellular models for RPS4Y1 and RPS4X, we characterised the function of RPS4Y1 in the context of the asthma-relevant processes, inflammation and fibrosis. No viable RPS4X knockouts could be generated. We highlight novel molecular mechanisms such as specific translation of IL6 and tenascin-C mRNA by RPS4Y1 containing ribosomes. Furthermore, an RPS4Y1-centric gene signature correlates with clinical lung function measurements, specifically in adult male asthma patients. These findings inform the current understanding of sex differences in asthma, as females do not produce the RPS4Y1 protein. Therefore, the pathologically relevant functions of RPS4Y1 may contribute to the complex sexually dimorphic pattern of asthma susceptibility and progression.

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is known for eliciting immunity against single-stranded RNA viruses, and is increased in both human and cigarette smoke (CS)-induced, experimental chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here we show that the severity of CS-induced emphysema and COPD is reduced in TLR7-deficient mice, while inhalation of imiquimod, a TLR7-agonist, induces emphysema without CS exposure. This imiquimod-induced emphysema is reduced in mice deficient in mast cell protease-6, or when wild-type mice are treated with the mast cell stabilizer, cromolyn. Furthermore, therapeutic treatment with anti-TLR7 monoclonal antibody suppresses CS-induced emphysema, experimental COPD and accumulation of pulmonary mast cells in mice. Lastly, TLR7 mRNA is increased in pre-existing datasets from patients with COPD, while TLR7 + mast cells are increased in COPD lungs and associated with severity of COPD. Our results thus support roles for TLR7 in mediating emphysema and COPD through mast cell activity, and may implicate TLR7 as a potential therapeutic target. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) normally recognizes exogenous single-stranded RNA for the activation of innate immunity. Here the authors show that TLR7 may also contribute, via the modulation of mast cell functions, to experimental, cigarette smoke-induced mouse models of emphysema, thereby hinting TLR7 as a potential therapeutic target for human lung inflammation.

The interactions between human and viral proteins are pivotal in viral infection and host immune responses. These interactions traverse different stages of the viral life cycle, encompassing initial entry into host cells, replication, and the eventual deployment of immune evasion strategies. As viruses exploit host cellular machinery for their replication and survival, targeting key protein–protein interactions offer a strategic approach for developing antiviral drugs. This review discusses how viruses interact with host proteins to develop viral–host interactions. In addition, we also highlight valuable resources that aid in identifying new interactions, incorporating high-throughput methods, and computational approaches, ultimately helping to understand how these tools can be effectively utilized to study viral–host interactions.

The virus interacts with its hosts by developing protein-protein interactions. Most viruses employ protein interactions to imitate the host protein: A viral protein with the same amino acid sequence or structure as the host protein attaches to the host protein's binding partner and interferes with the host protein's pathways. Being opportunistic, viruses have evolved to manipulate host cellular mechanisms by mimicking short linear motifs. In this review, we shed light on the current understanding of mimicry via short linear motifs and focus on viral mimicry by genetically different viral subtypes by providing recent examples of mimicry evidence and how high-throughput methods can be a reliable source to study SLiM-mediated viral mimicry.

Digital or eHealth knowledge translation (KT) interventions have been identified as useful public health tools, particularly to advance sexual and reproductive health (SRH) among adolescents. Existing literature reviews on digital health interventions for adolescents' SRH demonstrate limitations, including shortcomings in reporting and comprehensiveness that limit the utility and trustworthiness of findings. However, there is a lack of evidence synthesis on the effectiveness of available digital or mobile health KT tools to promote SRH interventions for adolescents. We aim to identify, map, and describe existing empirical evidence on the digital KT tools developed to improve adolescent SRH outcomes globally. This study will be conducted using an evidence gap map (EGM) approach to address the objectives, including reviewing relevant literature and a landscape analysis of the outcomes of interest. The following electronic databases will be searched for retrieval of literature: MEDLINE (1946-present), Embase (1974-present), and Global Health (1910-present) via OVID; CINAHL (1936-present) via EBSCOhost; Scopus (1976-present); and Cochrane Library (1993-present) via Wiley. We will include only those studies that focused on adolescents aged 10-19 years and addressed SRH outcomes. We will include experimental studies (randomized or cluster randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, including quasi-randomized, controlled before-after, and interruptive time series) and observational studies, that is, including prospective cohort and case-control studies. The experimental and observational studies will only be included in the presence of control or comparison arms. Studies with a historical control arm will be excluded. The systematic review software, Covidence (Ventas Health Innovation), will be used to screen and select the studies. Further, 2 independent reviewers will complete the first and second levels of screening of studies and any conflicts arising will be resolved by consensus between the 2 reviewers or by involving the third reviewer. We will conduct the quality assessment of all included studies using the Risk of Bias tool for randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized controlled trials, and AMSTAR2 for systematic reviews. Papers screening, data extraction, and synthesis will be completed by March 2024. We will use EPPI-Mapper (The International Public Policy Observatory) software to generate an online evidence map and to produce the tables and figures for the descriptive report. This EGM review will identify areas with high-quality, evidence-based digital KT tools (for immediate scale and spread) and areas where few or no KT tools exist (for targeted KT tool development and research or policy prioritization). This protocol focused on mapping eHealth KT tools that have been used in the literature to address SRH among adolescents. This will be the first EGM exercise to map digital KT tools to promote adolescents' SRH and will incorporate a range of published sources. DERR1-10.2196/55081.

Lung cancer (LC) continues to pose the highest mortality and exhibits a common prevalence among all types of cancer. The genetic interaction between human eukaryotes and microbial cells plays a vital role in orchestrating every physiological activity of the host. The dynamic crosstalk between gut and lung microbiomes and the gut–lung axis communication network has been widely accepted as promising factors influencing LC progression. The advent of the 16s rDNA sequencing technique has opened new horizons for elucidating the lung microbiome and its potential pathophysiological role in LC and other infectious lung diseases using a molecular approach. Numerous studies have reported the direct involvement of the host microbiome in lung tumorigenesis processes and their impact on current treatment strategies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. The genetic and metabolomic cross‐interaction, microbiome‐dependent host immune modulation, and the close association between microbiota composition and treatment outcomes strongly suggest that designing microbiome‐based treatment strategies and investigating new molecules targeting the common holobiome could offer potential alternatives to develop effective therapeutic principles for LC treatment. This review aims to highlight the interaction between the host and microbiome in LC progression and the possibility of manipulating altered microbiome ecology as therapeutic targets. Host–microbiome interaction in lung cancer. Both local (lung) and distal (gut) microbiota play critical roles in lung cancer

Regulatory and professional nursing associations have an important role in ensuring that nurses provide safe, competent, and ethical care and are capable of adapting to emerging phenomena that influence society and population health needs. Telehealth and more recently virtual care are 2 digital health modalities that have gained momentum during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telehealth refers to telecommunications and digital communication technologies used to deliver health care, support health care provider and patient education, and facilitate self-care. Virtual care facilitates the delivery of health care services via any remote communication between patients and health care providers and among health care providers, either synchronously or asynchronously, through information and communication technologies. Despite nurses' adaptability to delivering virtual care, many have also reported challenges. This study aims to describe resources about virtual care, digital health, and nursing informatics (ie, practice guidelines and fact sheets) available to Canadian nurses through their regulatory and professional associations. An environmental scan was conducted between March and July 2023. The websites of nursing regulatory bodies across 13 Canadian provinces and territories and relevant nursing and a few nonnursing professional associations were searched. Data were extracted from the websites of these organizations to map out educational materials, training opportunities, and guidelines made available for nurses to learn and adapt to the ongoing digitalization of the health care system. Information from each source was summarized and analyzed using an inductive content analysis approach to identify categories and themes. The Virtual Health Competency Framework was applied to support the analysis process. Seven themes were identified: (1) types of resources available about virtual care, (2) terminologies used in virtual care resources, (3) currency of virtual care resources identified, (4) requirements for providing virtual care between provinces, (5) resources through professional nursing associations and other relevant organizations, (6) regulatory guidance versus competency in virtual care, and (7) resources about digital health and nursing informatics. Results also revealed that practice guidance for delivering telehealth existed before the COVID-19 pandemic, but it was further expanded during the pandemic. Differences were noted across available resources with respect to terms used (eg, telenursing, telehealth, or virtual care), types of documents (eg, guideline vs fact sheet), and the depth of information shared. Only 2 associations provided comprehensive telenursing practice guidelines. Resources relative to digital health and nursing informatics exist, but variations between provinces were also noted. The use of telehealth and virtual care services is becoming mainstream in Canadian health care. Despite variations across jurisdictions, the existing nursing practice guidance resources for delivering telehealth and virtual care are substantial and can serve as a beginning step for developing a standardized set of practice requirements or competencies to inform nursing practice and the education of future nurses.