Explore the vast range of titles available.

This review examines the increasing application of artificial intelligence (AI) and/or machine learning (ML) in microalgae processes, focusing on their ability to improve production efficiency, yield, and process control. AI/ML technologies are used in various aspects of microalgae processes, such as real-time monitoring, species identification, the optimization of growth conditions, harvesting, and the purification of bioproducts. Commonly employed ML algorithms, including the support vector machine (SVM), genetic algorithm (GA), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), and deep learning (DL), each have unique strengths but also present challenges, such as computational demands, overfitting, and transparency. Despite these hurdles, AI/ML technologies have shown significant improvements in system performance, scalability, and resource efficiency, as well as in cutting costs, minimizing downtime, and reducing environmental impact. However, broader implementations face obstacles, including data availability, model complexity, scalability issues, cybersecurity threats, and regulatory challenges. To address these issues, solutions, such as the use of simulation-based data, modular system designs, and adaptive learning models, have been proposed. This review contributes to the literature by offering a thorough analysis of the practical applications, obstacles, and benefits of AI/ML in microalgae processes, offering critical insights into this fast-evolving field.

Chemobrionic systems have attracted great attention in material science for development of novel biomimetic materials. This study aims to design a new bioactive material by integrating biosilica into chemobrionic structure, which will be called biochemobrionic, and to comparatively investigate the use of both chemobrionic and biochemobrionic materials as bone scaffolds. Biosilica, isolated from Amphora sp . diatom, was integrated into chemobrionic structure, and a comprehensive set of analysis was conducted to evaluate their morphological, chemical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties. Then, the effects of both scaffolds on cell biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation capacity were assessed. Cells attached to the scaffolds, spread out, and covered the entire surface, indicating the absence of cytotoxicity. Biochemobrionic scaffold exhibited a higher level of mineralization and bone formation than the chemobrionic structure due to the osteogenic activity of biosilica. These results present a comprehensive and pioneering understanding of the potential of (bio)chemobrionics for bone regeneration.

Microbial bioprocessing is a key technology for the production of a wide range of biomolecules, including proteins, enzymes, antibiotics, and other bioactive compounds. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using microfluidic platforms for bioprocessing, due to the ability to precisely control and manipulate fluids at the microscale. Microfluidics offers a transformative platform for the manufacturing of biomolecules intended for clinical applications by addressing key technical challenges in scalability, precision, reproducibility, and the ability to study complex biological systems. In this review, various methods used to fabricate microfluidic platforms and the current state‐of‐the‐art in the synthesis/production of biopharmaceuticals, polymers, bioactive compounds, and real‐time monitoring in microscale bioprocesses are discussed. Additionally, the future trends and directions are highlighted. Overall, we envisage the utilization of microfluidic platforms to advance the field of microbial bioprocessing and applications in the biomedical field.

Microalgae are considered a promising source for obtaining natural compounds with strong antioxidant activity. Despite the great progress made in this field, there is still need for further studies applying simple and cost-effective modifications to reveal their full potential and enhance antioxidant properties. Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris are some of the most common cells studied for this purpose. In this study, it was aimed to develop a bioprocess for the enhancement of antioxidant properties of these two microalgae by evaluating the effect of different culture conditions. With this aim, the impacts of light intensity/reactive oxygen species and nitrogen sources/reactive oxygen species were evaluated for the A. platensis and C. vulgaris cells, respectively. Results showed that the antioxidant potential of A. platensis was found to be correlated with the phycocyanin and total phenolic content of cells, and 80 µmol photons m−2 s−1 light intensity induced antioxidant activity in a two-step cultivation mode. For C. vulgaris cells, maximum antioxidant activities of 68.10 ± 1.51% and 75.68 ± 0.66% were obtained in cultures with NH4Cl (0.016% (w/v)) for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The applied oxidative stress factors exhibited different effects on the antioxidant activities of the cells because of their cellular morphologies and changing mechanisms of reactive oxygen species. These outcomes show the potential of applied modifications on cells and suggest a promising route to enhance antioxidant activities of microalgae for further research.

3D cell culture approaches are cell culture methods that provide good visualization of interactions between cells while preserving the natural growth pattern. In recent years, several studies have managed to implement magnetic levitation technology on 3D cell culture applications by either combining cells with magnetic nanoparticles (positive magnetophoresis) or applying a magnetic field directly to the cells in a high-intensity medium (negative magnetophoresis). The positive magnetophoresis technique consists of integrating magnetic nanoparticles into the cells, while the negative magnetophoresis technique consists of levitating the cells without labelling them with magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic levitation methods can be used to manipulate 3D culture, provide more complex habitats and custom control, or display density data as a sensor.The present review aims to show the advantages, limitations, and promises of magnetic 3D cell culture, along with its application methods, tools, and capabilities as a density sensor. In this context, the promising magnetic levitation technique on 3D cell cultures could be fully utilized in further studies with precise control.

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that inhabit freshwater and marine ecosystems. Bioactive substances (metabolites such as astaxanthin, chlorophyll-a, and phycobiliproteins) obtained from microalgae and cyanobacteria are used in a multitude of fields. Phycobiliproteins are photosynthetic antenna pigments that are found in cyanobacteria, red algae, and cryptophytes. This study aimed to determine the optimal parameters for phycobiliprotein extraction from lyophilized cells obtained from a triple algal co-culture. These parameters included the biomass: solvent ratio, CaCI 2 concentration, agitation speed, and extraction time. In all optimization processes, phycocyanin is observed to be the most dominant, while phycoerythrin has the lowest amount. It is demonstrated that all phycobiliprotein efficiencies increase after each optimization process. The highest yield of 12.51 ± 0.23 mg phycobiliprotein/g freeze-dried weight was obtained using a 1:100 (v: v) biomass: solvent ratio with 2% CaCl₂ at 100 rpm for 1 h. The significance of carefully controlling extraction parameters to maximize the efficiency of PBP extraction from triple algal co-culture is highlighted by these results. Employing a combination of extraction methods could potentially improve both the yield and purity of phycobiliproteins obtained from a triple algal co-culture. Future research should focus on developing and refining scaling-up techniques to enhance and optimize the extraction process of phycobiliproteins for industrial use.

Selecting the appropriate algal species is essential to maximize lipid extraction from microalgae. Chlorococcum sp. is a unicellular organism found in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Although the influence of nitrogen on lipid metabolism is well established across various microalgae, its particular effects on Chlorococcum sp. provide novel insights into this relatively underexplored species. Examining how nitrogen affects lipid accumulation in Chlorococcum sp. could reveal new strategies to enhance its application in biodiesel productions. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid content of Chlorococcum novae-angliae and compare the lipid and fatty acid yields between cultures grown in N-supplied and N-starvation culture media. The results show that Chlorococcum sp. cultivated in N-supplied culture medium reached the highest cell count of 2.16 ± 8.18 × 10 − 8 cells/mL, with a specific growth rate (µ) of 0.55 d − 1 , whereas a cell count of 1.60 ± 6.63 × 10 − 8 cells/mL was found for the N-starvation culture medium. On the other hand, the highest lipid yield, recorded as 0.098 ± 0.012 g lipid/g wet biomass, mainly consisting of tridecanoic and palmitic acids (77%), was obtained from the N-starvation culture medium. Tridecanoic acid (C13:0) was detected for the first time in C. novae angliae . For the N-supplied culture medium, the lipid yield was 0.082 ± 0.010 g lipid/g wet biomass. Therefore, in cases where maximizing lipid yield is crucial, such as for biofuel production, nitrogen starvation might be a more effective approach, even though it may result in lower overall biomass productivity. However, for applications that prioritize higher biomass, such as animal feed, ensuring sufficient nitrogen levels could be more beneficial. Graphical Abstract

Fucoxanthin is one of the most important carotenoids and is found in diatoms such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of both the constant volumetric power consumption rate as scale-up strategy and the constant light energy per unit volume for transition from 1000-mL bottle to 2-L and 7-L flat plate photobioreactors for fucoxanthin production in P. tricornutum, considering whether an increase in the fucoxanthin yield could be achieved. The cell concentration and fucoxanthin content were enhanced with increasing the cultivation volume. It was found that the fucoxanthin yield increased 2.3 times in 2-L photobioreactor and 2.6 times in 7-L photobioreactor in comparison to the value of 1.05 mg g−1 dry weight in the cultivation bottle. Consequently, fucoxanthin production was successfully step-wise scaled-up from 1000-mL bottle to 7-L photobioreactor using both constant volumetric power consumption rate and the constant light energy per unit volume under laboratory conditions.

One of the major concerns affecting the public health is microbial pathogens. Commercial antibiotics have a wide range of applications, however harmful microorganisms have increased their resistance to antibiotics, making the fight against these pathogens difficult. For many years, scientists have focused on finding natural sources with strong antimicrobial activity. At this point, microalgae cells have attracted great attention due to their biological activities including, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. In order to discover promising strains with strong antimicrobial activity and to obtain interested components efficiently, a thorough scientific approach is needed by considering all steps of the process. This process mainly consisted of strain selection, cultivation, harvesting of biomass, extraction and purification of compounds and screening their antimicrobial properties. Using microalgal compounds against microbial pathogens is still in its early days. In this context, the present review aims to contribute existing database of antimicrobial potential of microalgae. With this aim, the impact of microalgae species and their components were investigated according to their bioactivities against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The crucial points in this regard were emphasized and important suggestions were presented for further researches. Graphical abstract

Maintenance of eukaryotic microalgae strains for the long term is generally carried out using serial subculture techniques which require labour, time and cost. Cryopreservation techniques provide long-term storage of up to years for numerous microorganism strains and cell cultures. Ssu930ijn vbvbhnn8;l,n is related to a successfully designed mass and heat transfer balance throughout the cell. In this study, optimization of the cryopreservation process was carried out for two commercially used microalgal strains. The parameters to be optimized were DMSO percentage (0–25%), incubation time (1–15 min) and cryopreservation term (7–180 days) using a central composite design (CCD). Long-term storage up to 123.17 and 111.44 days corresponding to high cell viabilities was achieved for Chlorella vulgaris and Neochloris texensis, respectively. Generated models were found to be in good agreement with experimental results. The study also revealed holistic results for storage of microalgal strains in a stable state for industrial applications.