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Historians of the U.S. Southwest invariably rely on English-language translations of original Spanish documents for their interpretive work. However, a philological approach to the Spanish documents reveals all manner of translator shortcomings, some of which negatively impact the historical record. I document one such instance pertaining to the early history of Texas and argue that the failure to adhere to sound philological practice has produced an inaccurate historical canon. Data are taken from a Spanish expedition diary from the late 17th-century and from unpublished archival sources pertaining to it.

This research aims to analyze brand communication and brand image as specific drivers of wine brand preference and their influence on wine consumers’ intention to visit associated wineries. Specifically, this paper enhances the understanding of the roles of advertising-promotion, sponsorship-public relations, corporate social responsibility, and social media in brand communication, as well as functional, emotional and reputation components in brand image development in the context of wine tourism industry. Data was collected through a structured and self-administered questionnaire from 486 visitors to wineries in Spain. Partial least squares regression was used to evaluate the measurement model and the hypotheses. The empirical analysis shows that brand communication and brand image have similar positive effects on brand preference, and that brand image mediates the relationship between brand communication and brand preference. This research suggests implications for theory and practice relative to brand management in terms of communication and image; and it proposes insights into novel communication tools and marketing activities for the winery tourism industry. Firms should employ a holistic evaluation of brand communication to involve the whole organization, which would enhance the strategic role that brand communication plays.

Leslie Milroy & James Milroy's (1985) social network analysis framework is outlined & applied in the study of simple past tense desinence variations in Navarro-Aragonese notarial documents from the 12th to the mid-14th centuries. Special attention is devoted to the variation found in the different manuscripts of the Fuero de Jaca (The Jaca Charter), & explanation is offered in terms of the sociohistorical & cultural aspects of Occitan migration into the Iberian peninsula in the period. It is argued that the existence of an isolated, strong-tie immigrant community living in Navarre from the 11th through the 14th centuries resulted in relatively less writing in local Hispano-Romance & more Occitan proper elements in this region's writing as compared to documents produced in Aragon where the Occitan-speaking migrants were more assimilated in local language & culture. This finding is consistent with the principles of social network analysis in that strong-tie communities promote language maintenance & slow assimilation. The Aragonese documents of the mid-13th through mid-14th centuries evince an increase in formal & functional variation in the simple past tense system relative to earlier periods which indicates a strong Occitan influence & contact not impeded by a closed network structure. 33 References. Z. Dubiel

Imhoff examines the development of the non-etymological -ie- imperfect tense variant of Old Spanish, propagated through analogy with the first and second persons plural of the preterit tense of dar: diemos, diestes (Malkiel), in the context of contact variation with particular reference to an earlier linguistic development associated with the Pyrenean region, the preterit tense inflectional morpheme -ie-.

Se examina la variación lingüística en los tiempos pasados simples manifestada en documentos notariales y en diferentes manuscritos del Fuero de Jaca según el modelo denominado análisis de redes sociales (Social Network Analysis). Los subsistemas lingüísticos analizados son el navarro y el aragonés preheredianos, en contacto con el occitano; la variación manifestada en ellos apoya dicho modelo en tanto que se revela menos presencia del occitano en éste que en aquél, lo cual se explica como función de una estructura de redes cerrada entre los occitano-parlantes de la región de Navarra.

Recent research suggests that phonological processing deficits, including the awareness of sounds in words or phonemic awareness, are predictive of difficulties in learning to read and reading fluency in English. As research in this area has increased, so has the number of measures with which to measure phonological processing in English. Increasing numbers of children in schools today speak Spanish as their first or only language, and the teaching and assessment of literacy and pre-literacy skills is of concern with these children. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of phonological processing in Spanish (Conciencia Fonológica en Español or CFE). The measure was developed based on research that is available in English and then piloted with children in a bilingual program to examine the reliability and validity of the scores obtained on this measure. Results support the utility of the test in measuring a developmental process; internal reliability and test-retest reliability are adequate. Correlations with a comparable measure in English are in the moderate range supporting construct validity of the CFE. Regression analyses suggest that phonological processing in Spanish as measured by the subtests of the CFE is predictive of reading fluency in Spanish as well as reading fluency in English. Implications and future areas of research are discussed.

This study presents for the first time a novel solution for the origin and demise of the Old Spanish -ie imperfect tense ending, through the comprehensive documentation of Old Spanish and dialectal literatures spanning six centuries. The extant phonetically-motivated and analogically-driven explanations for the origin of the OSp -ie fail to consider the effects of external influences on the imperfect paradigm of Old Spanish. Based on structural, chronological, and dialectal evidence, the philological approach employed here reveals that the OSp -ie imperfect can no longer be regarded as a Castilian innovation, nor can it be associated accurately with the earliest period of Iberian Romance. Rather, the OSp -ie imperfect appears in 13th century 'standard' literature after Old Aragonese developed its fully-differentiated -ie preterite paradigm and after the Gallo-speaking influence associated with the Cluniac reforms entered Spain. Crucially, this account is consonant with the fact that no trace of a simple past tense -ie variant appeared in the Galician-Portuguese dialect at any time. This analysis makes a second major contribution to the field of Hispanic philology. Current scholarship continues to associate the disappearance of the OSp -ie from 'standard' medieval literature with the beginning of the 14th century. However, manuscripts dated up to the mid-15th century reveal a frequency of -ie imperfect use falling between 30% and 45%, and others from as late as the end of the 15th century reveal a frequency of use between 10% and 20%. By comparing different manuscripts of the same work, and the manuscripts of different works by the same author, the use of the OSp -ie imperfect has been clearly dated at the aforementioned frequencies for the following works: Documentos linguisticos, Documentos del Alto Aragon, Poema de Fernan Gonzalez, Primera cronica general, Cronica abreviada, Fuero de Jaca, Libro de la monteria, Arte cisoria, Tratado de la consolacion, Los doze trabajos de Ercules, and Carcel de amor. Thus, the claim that the Old Spanish -ie imperfect died in the 14th century is no longer tenable.

Diuresis to achieve decongestion is a central aim of therapy in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). While multiple clinical trials have investigated initial diuretic strategies for a designated period of time, there is a paucity of evidence to guide diuretic titration strategies continued until decongestion is achieved. The use of urine chemistries (urine sodium and creatinine) in a natriuretic response prediction equation accurately estimates natriuresis in response to diuretic dosing, but a randomized clinical trial is needed to compare a urine chemistry-guided diuresis strategy with a strategy of usual care. The urinE chemiStry guided aCute heArt faiLure treATmEnt (ESCALATE) trial is designed to test the hypothesis that protocolized diuretic therapy guided by spot urine chemistry through completion of intravenous diuresis will be superior to usual care and improve outcomes over the 14 days following randomization. ESCALATE will randomize and obtain complete data on 450 patients with acute heart failure to a diuretic strategy guided by urine chemistry or a usual care strategy. Key inclusion criteria include an objective measure of hypervolemia with at least 10 pounds of estimated excess volume, and key exclusion criteria include significant valvular stenosis, hypotension, and a chronic need for dialysis. Our primary outcome is days of benefit over the 14 days after randomization. Days of benefit combines patient symptoms captured by global clinical status with clinical state quantifying the need for hospitalization and intravenous diuresis. NCT04481919.

Crayfish are ecologically important in freshwater systems worldwide and are imperiled in North America and globally. We sought to examine landscape- to local-scale environmental variables related to occupancy and detection probability of a suite of stream-dwelling crayfish species. We used a quantitative kickseine method to sample crayfish presence at 102 perennial stream sites with eight surveys per site. We modeled occupancy (psi) and detection probability ( P ) and local- and landscape-scale environmental covariates. We developed a set of a priori candidate models for each species and ranked models using (Q)AICc. Detection probabilities and occupancy estimates differed among crayfish species with Orconectes eupunctus , O. marchandi , and Cambarus hubbsi being relatively rare (psi < 0.20) with moderate (0.46–0.60) to high (0.81) detection probability and O. punctimanus and O. ozarkae being relatively common (psi > 0.60) with high detection probability (0.81). Detection probability was often related to local habitat variables current velocity, depth, or substrate size. Important environmental variables for crayfish occupancy were species dependent but were mainly landscape variables such as stream order, geology, slope, topography, and land use. Landscape variables strongly influenced crayfish occupancy and should be considered in future studies and conservation plans.