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Actinidin was used to pretreat the bovine hide and ultrasonic wave (53 kHz and 500 W) was used for the time durations of 2, 4 and 6 h at 60 °C to extract gelatin samples (UA2, UA4 and UA6, respectively). Control (UAC) gelatin was extracted using ultrasound for 6 h at 60 °C without enzyme pretreatment. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in gelatin yield as the time duration of ultrasound treatment increased with UA6 giving the highest yield of 19.65%. Gel strength and viscosity of UAC and UA6 extracted gelatin samples were 627.53 and 502.16 g and 16.33 and 15.60 mPa.s, respectively. Longer duration of ultrasound treatment increased amino acids content of the extracted gelatin and UAC exhibited the highest content of amino acids. Progressive degradation of polypeptide chains was observed in the protein pattern of the extracted gelatin as the time duration of ultrasound extraction increased. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy depicted loss of molecular order and degradation in UA6. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed protein aggregation and network formation in the gelatin samples with increasing time of ultrasound treatment. The study indicated that ultrasound assisted gelatin extraction using actinidin exhibited high yield with good quality gelatin.

HIGHLIGHTS The study brings to the world knowledge findings highlighting the significance of knife sharpness: The study is novel as it depicts the effects of knife sharpness on physicochemical meat quality metrics, solely focusing on bleeding efficiency. The precise effects of knife sharpness on muscle biochemistry and structure, a rare mechanistic insight. The study differentiates the influences of ageing and slaughter techniques, enhancing the understanding of post-mortem meat quality dynamics.

Transporting cattle in tropical climates substantially impacts oxidative stability and meat quality due to increased stress levels. The objective of this research is to assess the impacts of road transport with two different distances and three stocking densities on meat quality indices and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the infraspinatus (IF) and semitendinosus muscles of Brahman crossbred heifers in a tropical climate. Sixty Brahman crossbred heifers were exposed to two different road travel distances: 450 and 850 km. Each travel distance was divided into three different stocking densities: low density of 200 kg/m2, medium density of 400 kg/m2 and high density of 600 kg/m2. The number of animals in each stocking density was kept equal. Following transit, IF and semitendinosus muscle samples were collected and assessed for meat quality characteristics, including colour attributes, pH, muscle glycogen contents, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), cooking loss and lipid oxidation. The findings showed notable impacts of livestock densities and road transport distances on meat quality parameters and MDA levels in Brahman crossbred heifers’ muscles. Similarly, increased livestock densities resulted in higher levels of MDA and alterations in meat quality measures than lower densities following both distances of road transportation. These findings highlight the significance of optimising livestock density and reducing road transport lengths to maintain the oxidative stability of meat quality in heifers.

The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of stocking density and distances on electroencephalographic changes and cortisol as welfare indicators in Brahman crossbred cattle. Sixty Brahman crossbred heifers were subjected to road transport from a cattle feedlot farm located in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang to a commercial ruminant abattoir in Shah Alam, Selangor. Animals were assigned to long (850 km) and short (450 km) distances and high (600 sqm), medium (400 sqm), and low (200 sqm) stocking densities. Results revealed that the intensity of cortisol responses and EEG parameters (such as alpha <0.001, beta < 0.001, delta < 0.001, theta < 0.001, MF < 0.001 and Ptot < 0.001) increased significantly. Long-distance transport also resulted in significantly more intense (<0.001) responses to nociception during slaughter than animals that had been transported over a shorter distance, as indicated by EEG and cortisol.

This study’s objective was to evaluate the effects of distance and stocking density on physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of meat and acute-phase proteins in Brahman crossbred cattle transported by road under hot and humid tropical conditions. Sixty Brahman crossbred heifers were subjected to road transport from a cattle feedlot farm located in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, to a commercial ruminant abattoir in Shah Alam, Selangor. Animals were assigned to long and short distances and high, medium, and low stocking densities. The results revealed that the intensity of response significantly increased in meat samples from animals subjected to long-distance transportation and higher stocking density. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid-A values increased considerably and were different from the baseline values recorded at preload. In conclusion, the current results revealed that the color, pH, shear force values, water holding capacity (WHC), glycogen level, and malondilaldehyde assay (MDA) concentrations in meat and acute-phase proteins (APP) were affected by both distances and stocking densities, as evidenced by the significant changes recorded from the parameters above.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of sea and road transport on the acute phase proteins (APP), cortisol, metabolic, haematological and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses of Brahman crossbred heifers. Sixty Brahman crossbred heifers were subjected to 14 d of transportation by sea from Darwin Port, Australia, to Pasir Gudang Port, Johor, Malaysia, and 330 km of road transportation. Results revealed that the intensity of response for most blood biochemical parameters increased significantly and were different from the baseline values taken while the animals were in Darwin Port, Australia. Haematological results obtained also revealed a significant increase and were different from the baseline values. Cortisol and APP (bovine alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid-A) values increased significantly and were different from the baseline values. Haematological parameters, APP, cortisol and EEG data (alpha, beta, delta and theta waves, total power and median frequency) decreased significantly following 4 and 7 days post-transport, suggesting a recovery of the animals from the stressfulness of transport. In conclusion, the current results revealed that the concentrations of biochemical and haematological parameters, cortisol, APP and EEG data were affected by both sea and road transport as evidenced by the significant changes recorded from the parameters above.

This study examines how preslaughter management affects Warner-Bratzler shear force, oxidative stress, heat shock protein 27, and apoptosis index in goats in tropical climates of Malaysia. Three hours (L3), six hours (L6), and twelve hours (L12) of lairage were given to goats before slaughter following two different road transportation distances, two hours (TS2) and six (TS6) hours, respectively. Increased transit length significantly (p < .05) affects apoptotic index and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) in goat meat, with TS6 animals resulting in tougher meat than in TS2 animals. The impact of stress on meat tenderness decreased significantly (p < .05) after 12 h of lairage - further, ageing of goat meat for three to seven days diminished transport stress's impact in all groups. Transit durations did not affect (p > .05) malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and HSP27 expression. Transport and lairage duration interacted significantly with the apoptosis index in this study. In summary, apoptosis detection is a more sensitive stress parameter. Study on goat stress response Oxidative stress triggers a cellular stress response in goats. HSP27 and apoptosis rate affect meat tenderisation. The lairage period, determined based on the transport duration, allowed animals to rest before slaughter. Apoptosis detection is more sensitive than oxidative stress and HSP27 expression.