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The utilization of metal-based conventional coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended solids from drinking water and wastewater is currently leading to new concerns. Alarming issues related to the prolonged effects on human health and further pollution to aquatic environments from the generated nonbiodegradable sludge are becoming trending topics. The utilization of biocoagulants/bioflocculants does not produce chemical residue in the effluent and creates nonharmful, biodegradable sludge. The conventional coagulation–flocculation processes in drinking water and wastewater treatment, including the health and environmental issues related to the utilization of metal-based coagulants/flocculants during the processes, are discussed in this paper. As a counterpoint, the development of biocoagulants/bioflocculants for drinking water and wastewater treatment is intensively reviewed. The characterization, origin, potential sources, and application of this green technology are critically reviewed. This review paper also provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and wastewater characteristics, the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale, and also the potential for sludge recovery by utilizing biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water/wastewater treatment.

Image-based region mapping requires an image-stitching process to produce a complete map while preserving the details of the mapped objects. Image acquisition can be done using UAVs such as drones, and image stitching can be performed using the Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB) techniques. However, this algorithm has a drawback: There are many mismatches during feature matching. In this study, a maximum pixel displacement constraint between images was applied during the feature-matching process. Applying this constraint improved the feature-matching results due to a significant reduction of the mismatch rate from 84.28% to 25.17%. This reduction positively impacted subsequent stages, including map stitching. The mismatch removal process and the acquisition of transformation models during image registration became faster, reducing the processing time from 17m 36.8s to 1m 17.2s. Additionally, there was an improvement in the SSIM metric score, indicating that the stitched image results had a higher similarity to the reference image captured by a digital camera, increasing from 0.8423 to 0.8489.

NOABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze research trends, co-authorship networks, and hotspots over the past decade regarding research on exercise therapy at home for stroke patients.Articles on exercise therapy at home for stroke patients were routinely searched for in the SCOPUS database from 2013 to 2023. To evaluate and predict the most popular topics and trends in this field, the data collected from the reports are processed using the VOSviewer program.The final analysis covered 1943 articles. The number of publications has steadily increased over the past decade. The United States has made the most significant contributions in this field. The University of Toronto (Canada) and Cramer, S.C. were the most productive institutions and researchers. The journal Disability and Rehabilitation has the highest number of publications (Citescore 4.4; SJR 0.76). The research area in this field is predominantly dominated by medicine. The frequently occurring keywords include “stroke,” “rehabilitation,” and “telerehabilitation.” Innovations, such as telerehabilitation and virtual reality (VR), are emerging as key trends, enhancing patient engagement and accessibility in home-based therapy.Using bibliometric analysis and network visualization, this study summarizes the latest research on home-based exercise therapy for stroke patients, highlighting the impact of innovative technologies, such as telerehabilitation and VR. This analysis identifies research gaps, trends, and popular subjects, providing a comprehensive framework for future studies on key topics, collaborative initiatives, and developmental patterns.

Grassy biomes such as savannas are maintained by an interacting suite of ecosystem processes from herbivory to rainfall to fire. Many studies have examined the impacts of large mammalian herbivores on herbaceous plant communities, but few of these studies have been conducted in humid, fertile savannas. We present the findings of a short-term experiment that investigated the effects of herbivory in a fertile, humid, and semi-managed savanna. We erected large-herbivore exclosures in Alas Purwo National Park, Java, Indonesia where rainfall is high and fire is suppressed to test how herbivores impact plant community development across the growing season. Where large mammalian herbivores were excluded, herbaceous plant communities contained more non-grasses and were less similar; diverging in their composition as the growing season progressed. Effects of herbivore exclusion on plant species richness, evenness, and biomass per quadrat were generally weak. Notably, however, two weedy plant species (one native, Imperata cylindrica and one introduced, Senna cf. tora ) appeared to benefit most from herbivore release. Our results suggest that heavy grazing pressure by native large mammalian herbivores controlled the composition of the herbaceous plant community. Moreover, exclusion of large mammalian herbivores led to divergence in the plant species composition of exclosures; compositional dissimilarity between herbivore-exclusion plots was higher than between plots exposed to large mammalian herbivores. Our findings suggest that, at this high-rainfall site, large mammalian herbivores constrained the developmental trajectory of plant communities across the growing season.

There was a strong correlation between the size of the market and the number of Asian fairy-bluebirds on display (< 20 shops, mean of 1.0 birds; 20-49 shops, 3.2 birds; > 50 shops, 5.9 birds), and with at least 54 bird markets on Java, Bali and Lombok we estimate that on any given day 150 Asian fairy-bluebirds are offered for sale. Quantifying the number of birds on offer in the virtual marketplace was not possible, but it probably adds substantially to the estimate for the bird markets. Perhaps the opportunity to add Asian fairy-bluebirds to Indonesia's protected species list has passed, but we urge the Indonesian authorities, and especially the regional branches of the Natural Resources Conservation Agency, to be more vigilant in checking actual and virtual bird markets, and ensuring that no additional birds are traded outside the approved harvest quotas.

Leachate is produced from sanitary landfills containing various pollutants, including heavy metals. This study aimed to determine the resistance of bacteria isolated from non-active sanitary landfill leachate to various heavy metals and the effect of salinity levels on the removal of Hg by the isolated bacterium. Four dominant bacteria from approximately 33 × 10 17 colony-forming units per mL identified as Vibrio damsela , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas stutzeri , and Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from non-active sanitary landfill leachate. Heavy metal resistance test was conducted for Hg, Cd, Pb, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu (0–20 mg L − 1 ). The removal of the most toxic heavy metals by the most resistant bacteria was also determined at different salinity levels, i.e., fresh water (0‰), marginal water (10‰), brackish water (20‰), and saline water (30‰). Results showed that the growth of these bacteria is promoted by Fe, Mn, and Cu, but inhibited by Hg, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all the bacteria in Fe, Mn, and Cu was > 20 mg L − 1 . The MIC of V. damsela was 5 mg L − 1 for Hg and >  20 mg L − 1 for Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn. For P. aeruginosa , MIC was > 20 mg L − 1 for Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn and 10 mg L − 1 for Hg. Meanwhile, the MIC of P. stutzeri was > 20 mg L − 1 for Pb, Mg, and Zn and 5 mg L − 1 for Hg and Cd. The MIC of P. fluorescens for Hg, Pb, Mg, and Zn was 5, 5, 15, and 20 mg L − 1 , respectively, and that for Cd was > 20 mg L − 1 . From the MIC results, Hg is the most toxic heavy metal. In marginal water (10‰), P. aeruginosa FZ-2 removed up to 99.7% Hg compared with that in fresh water (0‰), where it removed only 54% for 72 h. Hence, P. aeruginosa FZ-2 is the most resistant to heavy metals, and saline condition exerts a positive effect on bacteria in removing Hg.

Conservation professionals recognize the need to evaluate education initiatives with a flexible approach that is culturally appropriate. Cultural-consensus theory (CCT) provides aframework for measuring the extent to which beliefs are communally held and has long been applied by social scientists. In a conservationeducation context, we applied CCT and used free lists (i.e., a list of items on a topic stated in order of cultural importance) and domain analysis (analysis of how free lists go together within a cultural group) to evaluate a conservation education program in which we used a children's picture book to increase knowledge about and empathy for a critically endangered mammal, the javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). We extracted free lists of keywords generated by students (n = 580 in 18 schools) from essays they wrote before and after the education program. In 2 classroom sessions conducted approximately 18 weeks apart, we asked students to write an essay about their knowledge of the target species and then presented a book and several activities about slow loris ecology. Prior to the second session, we asked students to write a second essay. We generated free lists from both essays, quantified salience of terms used, and conducted minimal residuals factor analysis to determine presence of cultural domains surrounding slow lorises in each session. Students increased their use of words accurately associated with slow loris ecology and conservation from 43% in initial essays to 76% in final essays. Domain coherence increased from 22% to 47% across schools. Fifteen factors contributed to the domain slow loris. Between the first and second essays, factors that showed the greatest change were feeding ecology and slow loris as a forest protector, which increased 7-fold, and the humancentricfactor, which decreased 5-fold. As demonstrated by knowledge retention and creation of unique stories and conservation opinions, children achieved all six levels of Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains. Free from the constraints of questionnaires and surveys, CCT methods provide a promising avenue to evaluate conservation education programs. Los profesionales de la conservación reconocen la necesidad de evaluar las iniciativas de educación con una estrategia flexible que sea apropiada culturalmente. La teoría del consenso cultural (TCC) aporta un marco de trabajo para medir la extensión a la cual las creencias se mantienen comunalmente y se ha aplicado durante mucho tiempo por los científicos sociales. Aplicamos la TCC en un contexto de educación para la conservación y utilizamos listas gratuitas (es decir, una lista de puntos sobre un tema mencionados por importancia cultural) y análisis de dominio (el análisis de cómo las listas gratuitas van juntas dentro un grupo cultural) para evaluar un programa de educación para la conservación en el cual usamos un libro infantil de dibujos para incrementar el conocimiento sobre y la empatia hacia un mamífero en estado crítico de peligro de extinción: el loris lento de Java (Nycticebus javanicus,). Extrajimos listas gratuitas de palabras clave generadas por los estudiantes (n = 580 en 18 escuelas) a partir de ensayos escritos por ellos antes y después del programa educativo. En dos sesiones dentro del salón realizadas con aproximadamente 18 semanas entre ellas, les preguntamos a los estudiantes que escribieran un ensayo sobre su conocimiento de la especie objetivo y después presentamos un libro y varias actividades sobre la ecología del loris lento. Previo a la segunda sesión, les pedimos a los estudiantes que escribieran un segundo ensayo. Generamos listas gratuitas a partir de ambos ensayos, cuantificamos la prominencia de los términos utilizados, y realizamos un análisis de factor mínimo residual para determinar la presencia de los dominios culturales en torno a los loris lentos en cada sesión. Los estudiantes incrementaron el uso de las palabras asociadas correctamente con la ecología del loris lento y la conservación de un 43% en los ensayos iniciales a un 76% en los ensayos finales. La coherencia del dominio incrementó de 22% a 47% de manera global en las escuelas. Quincefactores contribuyeron al dominio del loris lento. Entre el primer y el segundo ensayo, los factores que mostraron el mayor cambio fueron la ecología de la alimentación y el loris lento como protector del bosque, los cuales incrementaron siete veces, y elfactor humano-céntrico, el cual disminuyó cinco veces. Como se demostró con la retención del conocimiento y la creación de historias únicas y opiniones sobre la conservación, los niños adquirieron los seis niveles de dominio del aprendizaje de la taxonomía de Bloom. Libre de las restricciones de los cuestionarios y las encuestas, los métodos de la TCC aportan una vía prometedora para evaluar los programas de educación para la conservación.

Domestic wastewater discharge is the major source of pollution in Malaysia. Phytoremediation under hydroponic conditions was initiated to treat domestic wastewater and, at the same time, to resolve the space limitation issue by installing a hydroponic system in vertical space at the site. Water hyacinth (WH) was selected in this study to identify its performance of water hyacinth in removing nutrients in raw sewage under batch operation. In the batch experiment, the ratio of CODinitial/plantinitial was identified, and SPSS ANOVA analysis shows that the number of plant size factors was not statistically different in this study. Therefore, four WH, each with an initial weight of 60 ± 20 g, were recommended for this study. Throughout the 10 days of the batch experiment, the average of COD, BOD, TSS, TP, NH4, and color removal was 73%, 73%, 86%, 79%, 77%, and 54%, respectively. The WH biomass weight increased by an average of 78%. The plants have also improved the DO level from 0.24 mg/L to 4.88 mg/L. However, the pH of effluent decreased from pH 7.05 to pH 4.88 below the sewage Standard B discharge limit of pH 9–pH 5.50. Four WH plant groups were recommended for future study, as the COD removal among the other plant groups is not a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lower plant biomass is preferable for the high pollutant removal performance due to the fact that it can reduce the maintenance and operating costs.

Understanding the effect of anthropogenic disturbance, and its interaction with carnivores and their prey, is crucial to support the conservation of threatened carnivores, particularly in rapidly changing landscapes. Based on systematic camera-trap sampling of four protected areas in Riau Province of central Sumatra, we assessed the habitat occupancy and spatiotemporal overlap between people, potential carnivore prey, and four threatened species of medium-sized or large carnivores: Sumatran tigers ( Panthera tigris sumatrae ), Malayan sun bears ( Helarctos malayanus ), dholes ( Cuon alpinus ), and Sunda clouded leopards ( Neofelis diardi ). To assess spatial overlap of target species, we used single-species occupancy models and applied a Species Interaction Factor (SIF) to conditional two-species occupancy models. We also used kernel density estimation (KDE) to assess temporal overlap among these species. Our habitat use models showed that altitude (elevation) strongly influenced the occupancy of all large carnivores and potential prey species. Except for Sunda clouded leopards, the occurrence of large carnivore species was positively related to the spatial co-occurrence of humans (SIF > 1). In addition, we found that sun bears and dholes both exhibited high spatial overlap with tigers, and that sun bears alone exhibited high temporal overlap with people. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the contemporary ecology of carnivores and their prey in rapidly changing, southeast Asian landscapes. Such knowledge is important to the conservation and recovery of large carnivores in conservation hotspots that are increasingly dominated by humans across Sumatra, as well as globally.

Large-scale disturbance in peatland areas causes many wildlife species to suffer due to limited resources or habitat loss. Following the high attention to peatlands, some restoration efforts, such as canal blocking, have been undertaken to restore the hydrological condition of peatlands. Nonetheless, our understanding of peatland biodiversity post-canal blocking is still limited. Thus, we conducted a study in West Kalimantan to assess wildlife diversity in peatland rewetting areas and understand the canal blocking’s impact on peatland biodiversity. Surveys were conducted during both the wet and dry seasons using line transects and point counts, along with deploying autonomous recording units in four habitat types: less disturbed peat forest, disturbed peat forest, estate crop, and disturbed wet shrub. Shannon and Simpson diversity indices suggest that habitats with complex structures (i.e., forested habitat) support higher diversity compared to those with open and uniform vegetation (i.e., non-forested habitat). This notion is also supported by acoustic indices calculations, which indicate that forested areas show higher acoustic diversity (biophony), and thus higher biodiversity compared to non-forested areas. However, our results indicate that there is insufficient evidence to suggest the effect of canal blocking on wildlife diversity in all rewetting sites. Aligning biodiversity conservation efforts with the natural climate solutions hierarchy, which is part of nature-based solutions and consists of protect, manage, and restore, could offer promising solutions for recovering the sites.