Explore the vast range of titles available.

This volume is part of the ongoing review of the underlying scientific bases for decision-making in chemical risk assessment by International Programme on Chemical Safety. It involves specific consideration of the area of dose-response assessment in the evaluation of information from toxicological studies in animals and from human clinical and epidemiological studies. It covers toxicants with threshold effects and those for which there may be no practical threshold, such as substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. The discussions are concerned with that subset of cause-effect relationships commonly referred to as dose-response models, which are typically used to characterize the biological effects of intentional (e.g. drugs and nutrients) and unintentional (e.g. contaminants) exposure to chemicals.This report is intended primarily to provide descriptive guidance for risk assessors in using dose-response modelling in hazard characterization. It will also provide mathematical modellers with an appreciation of issues to be considered when modelling in the context of the risk assessment process. Risk managers will be able to obtain a general understanding of the applications and limitations of dose-response modelling. For both risk assessors and risk managers, some considerations for communicating the results of risk assessments that use dose-response modelling are presented.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard has been published since 1975, has been revised and reissued every few years and has gained wide acceptance. This document sets out a classification system to distinguish between the more and the less hazardous forms of selected pesticides based (mainly) on acute risk to human health (that is the risk of single or multiple exposures over a relatively short period of time). It takes into consideration the toxicity of the technical compound and its common formulations. The document lists common technical grade pesticides and recommended classifications together with a listing of active ingredients believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as pesticides, pesticides subject to the prior informed consent procedure, limitations to trade because of the POPs convention, and gaseous or volatile fumigants not classified under these recommendations. This document replaces the 2004 edition of the Classification. For this latest revision the WHO Hazard Classes have been aligned with the Acute Toxicity Hazard Categories of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) as the starting point for allocating pesticides to a Hazard Class. The GHS (as published by an expert committee of the United Nations since 2002) is now being widely used for the classification and labeling of chemicals worldwide. For this revision of the Classification the GHS Acute Toxicity Hazard Category for each pesticide has been presented alongside the existing information. Part I describes the overarching principles for the classification of pesticides as recommended by the World Health Assembly. These principles continue to apply, but the World Health Assembly Resolution envisaged that the classification criteria might need to be developed with time and increasing experience. The guide-points originally proposed in 1975 are now being aligned with the corresponding Acute Toxicity Hazard Categories from the Globally Harmonized System of Classification. As has always been the case, the classification of some pesticides has been adjusted to take account of severe hazards to health other than acute toxicity. Part II provides guidelines to Classification. Individual products are classified in a series of tables, according to the oral or dermal toxicity of the technical product. The tables are subject to review periodically. The latest tables also present the GHS Acute Toxicity Hazard Category for each pesticide. To assist in the classification of formulations, an annex is provided giving numerical tables from which the classification may also be derived.

2-Butenal (also known as crotonaldehyde) is an ab-unsaturated aldehyde and consequently a very reactive compound. It is a chemical intermediate used chiefly in the manufacture of sorbates, solvents, and, to a lesser extent, pharmaceutical products and aroma chemicals. This publication studies the pharmacokinetics, environmental exposure, chemical toxicology and carcinogenicity of 2-butenal. However, to enable an understanding and evaluation of this aldehyde in the context of environmental health, other aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, are mentioned for comparison.--Publisher's description.

This volume is part of the ongoing review of the underlying scientific bases for decision-making in chemical risk assessment by International Program on Chemical Safety. It involves specific consideration of the area of dose-response assessment in the evaluation of information from toxicological studies in animals and from human clinical and epidemiological studies. It covers toxicants with threshold effects and those for which there may be no practical threshold, such as substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. The discussions are concerned with that subset of cause-effect relationships commonly referred to as dose-response models, which are typically used to characterize the biological effects of intentional (e.g. drugs and nutrients) and unintentional (e.g. contaminants) exposure to chemicals. This report is intended primarily to provide descriptive guidance for risk assessors in using dose-response modeling in hazard characterization. It will also provide mathematical modelers with an appreciation of issues to be considered when modeling in the context of the risk assessment process. Risk managers will be able to obtain a general understanding of the applications and limitations of dose-response modeling. For both risk assessors and risk managers, some considerations for communicating the results of risk assessments that use dose-response modeling are presented.--Publisher's description.