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Rapid urbanisation has had a significant negative influence on the water bodies that flow through and around urban areas. This study aims to evaluate the water quality and analyse the suitability for drinking and irrigation uses. This study envisaged assessing the water quality status of the groundwater using the pollution index of groundwater (PIG), ecological risk index (ERI) and multivariate statistical techniques, namely cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA), that were applied to differentiate the sources of water quality variation and determine the cause of pollution in the study area. Most groundwater is unsuitable for drinking and irrigation consumption, depending on analyses. PIG values indicated high pollution levels in the studied water body, rendering it unsuitable for any practical purpose. CA results showed the impact of surface water and treatment plant on groundwater. PCA was used to identify four important factors in the groundwater, including mineral and nutrient pollution, heavy metal pollution, organic pollution and faecal contamination. The deteriorating water quality of the groundwater was demonstrated to originate from vast sources of anthropogenic activities, especially municipal sewage discharge. Study wells had greater concentrations of Cl − and Na + in their water because seawater flows into the aquifer system and mixes with the marine aquifer matrix. Thus, the current work reveals how to employ the PIG and multivariate statistical approaches to obtain more accessible and more meaningful information about the water quality of groundwater and to identify the sources of pollution.

Growing water scarcity and increasing food demand are driving interest in municipal Wastewater Treatment (WWT) for crop irrigation. However, centralised WWT systems require substantial capital and infrastructure investment, which poses challenges for small agricultural communities. Decentralised compact systems are simpler to operate, more cost-effective, and better suited to rural areas. This study presents a novel, compact municipal WWT system specifically designed for crop irrigation. The system utilises four WWT technologies, integrating an ultrafiltration Membrane Bioreactor with mechanical sieving, extended aeration, and a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. A detailed sampling and testing methodology was implemented to experimentally evaluate system performance. The results showed significant reductions in major ions, with Total Dissolved Solids decreasing from 2348.8 to 1157.2 mg/L (50.7% reduction), and removal rates ranging from 25 to 98.9% for heavy metal ions from the municipal wastewater. The sanitary biological quality of the wastewater also improved substantially, with coliform and total microbial counts reduced by 81% and 18%, respectively. Overall, the product water met the Egyptian irrigation standards for edible crops, indicating the potential of this compact system as a practical solution for municipal WWT in rural areas.

In this study, the main motivation of this work is desalination of water for irrigation arid area such as Sidri- Baba basins- south Sinai, Egypt. Also, the novelty of this work is modification of TFC surface membrane by mix of HA, DA and GO to get high performance of FO technique. Interfacial polymerization was employed to modify a thin-film composite (TFC) membrane for forward osmosis (FO) applications; moreover, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets (GONs), a dopamine solution (DA), and naturally accessible humic acid (HA) were modified on a polyethersulfone (PES) substrate. The effects of the different quantities of GO, HA, and DA on the membrane surfaces, as well as their various cross-sectional morphologies and FO-desalination capabilities, were investigated. The integrated TFC membrane containing appropriate GO, HA, and DA blends outperformed the control membrane, obtaining high water flux, and high salt rejection. Furthermore,.

The Sharm El-Sheikh area is one of the most attractive touristic resorts in Egypt and in the world in general. The Sharm El-Shiekh area is located at the arid region of the South Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Water desalination is considered the main freshwater supply for hotels and resorts. Scarcity of rainfall during the last decades, high pumping rates, disposal of reject brine water back into the aquifer, and seawater intrusion have resulted in the degradation of groundwater quality in the main aquifer. Water chemistry, stable isotopes, Seawater Mixing Index (SWMI), and factorial analyses were utilized to determine the main recharge and salinization sources as well as to estimate the mixing ratios between different end members affecting groundwater salinity in the aquifer. The groundwater of the Miocene aquifer is classified into two groups: group I represents 10 % of the total samples, has a moderately high saline groundwater, and is mostly affected by seawater intrusion. Group II represents 90 % of the total samples and has a high groundwater salinity due to the anthropological impact of the reject brine saline water deeper into the Miocene aquifer. The main groundwater recharge comes from the western watershed mountain and the elevated plateau while the seawater and reject brine are considering the main sources for groundwater salinization. The mixing ratios between groundwater recharge, seawater, and reject brine water were calculated using water chemistry and isotopes. The calculated mixing ratios of group I range between 25 and 84 % recharge groundwater to 75 and 16 % seawater, respectively, in groundwater located close to the western watershed mountain indicating further extension of seawater intrusion. However, the mixing percentages of group II range between 21 and 88 % reject brine water to 79 and 12 % seawater, respectively, in groundwater located close to the desalination plants. The outcomes and conclusion of this study highlight the importance of groundwater management to limit further groundwater deterioration of the Miocene groundwater aquifer and limit seawater intrusion along the coast.

The present work focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) on erbium ion (Er 3+ ) doped TiO 2 under visible light. Pure TiO 2 nanoparticles and erbium (Er 3+ ) doped TiO 2 nanocomposite (Er 3+ /TiO 2 ) NCs were synthesized using the sol–gel method. The synthesized (Er 3+ /TiO 2 ) NCs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), elementary dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), specific surface area (BET), zeta potential, and particle size. Different parameters were used to study their efficiency for the photoreactor (PR) and the synthesized catalyst. These parameters include pH of the feed solution, the rate of flow, the presence of an oxidizing agent (aeration pump), different ratios of nanoparticles, the amount of catalyst, and the concentrations of pollutants. An example of an organic contaminant was the dye methylene blue (MB). The result achieved using the synthesized nanoparticles (I) under ultraviolet light pure TiO 2 was found to have degraded by 85%. For (Er 3+ /TiO 2 ) NCs under visible light, dye removal increased with pH to a maximum of 77% degradation at pH 5. Furthermore, photocatalytic efficiency improves to 80% at 40 rpm (3 l/h) low motor speed. The degradation efficiency decreased to 70% when the MB concentration was increased from 5 to 30 mg/L. When oxygen content was increased using an air pump, and deterioration reached 85% under visible light, it improved performance.

In this study, the main motivation of this work is desalination of water for irrigation arid area such as Sidri- Baba basins- south Sinai, Egypt. Also, the novelty of this work is modification of TFC surface membrane by mix of HA, DA and GO to get high performance of FO technique. Interfacial polymerization was employed to modify a thin-film composite (TFC) membrane for forward osmosis (FO) applications; moreover, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets (GONs), a dopamine solution (DA), and naturally accessible humic acid (HA) were modified on a polyethersulfone (PES) substrate. The effects of the different quantities of GO, HA, and DA on the membrane surfaces, as well as their various cross-sectional morphologies and FO-desalination capabilities, were investigated. The integrated TFC membrane containing appropriate GO, HA, and DA blends outperformed the control membrane, obtaining high water flux, and high salt rejection. Furthermore,.

In this research, the fabrication of silver nanoparticles and experimental nonlinear response (NLO). The fabrication of the silver nanoparticles has been done using E-Beam evaporation on a glass substrate (Ag-NPs) and investigation of their nonlinear optical response (NLO). The silver nanoparticles was evaluated by optical spectrum (UV-Vis) that shows localized surface Plasmon band at 375 nm. The experiment shows the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction effect of silver nanoparticles, the silver nanoparticles is analysed by Z-Scan technique using a femtoseconds laser with 800 nm wavelength. The result shows the nonlinear absorption (NLA) is at 4.87×10−4cmW−1, while (NLR) is at 7.94×10−9cm2W−1.