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The TOTEM collaboration at the CERN LHC has measured the differential cross-section of elastic proton–proton scattering at s=8TeV in the squared four-momentum transfer range 0.2GeV2<|t|<1.9GeV2. This interval includes the structure with a diffractive minimum (“dip”) and a secondary maximum (“bump”) that has also been observed at all other LHC energies, where measurements were made. A detailed characterisation of this structure for s=8TeV yields the positions, |t|dip=(0.521±0.007)GeV2 and |t|bump=(0.695±0.026)GeV2, as well as the cross-section values, dσ/dtdip=(15.1±2.5)μb/GeV2 and dσ/dtbump=(29.7±1.8)μb/GeV2, for the dip and the bump, respectively.

The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, within the National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2020-2027 (object CERN), Bulgaria; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, Indonesia; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Education and Science, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics, Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics and Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Romania; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF via PMU-B B05F650021), Thailand; Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America. [...]individual groups or members have received support from: Czech Science Foundation (grant no. 23-07499 S), Czech Republic; European Research Council, Strong 2020 - Horizon 2020 (grant nos. 950692, 824093), European Union; ICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, European Union - NextGenerationEU; Academy of Finland (Center of Excellence in Quark Matter) (grant nos. 346327, 346328), Finland.

The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has performed the first measurement at \\[\\sqrt{s} = 13\\,\\mathrm{TeV}\\] of the \\[\\rho \\] parameter, the real to imaginary ratio of the nuclear elastic scattering amplitude at \\[t=0\\], obtaining the following results: \\[\\rho = 0.09 \\pm 0.01\\] and \\[\\rho = 0.10 \\pm 0.01\\], depending on different physics assumptions and mathematical modelling. The unprecedented precision of the \\[\\rho \\] measurement, combined with the TOTEM total cross-section measurements in an energy range larger than \\[10\\,\\mathrm{TeV}\\] (from 2.76 to \\[13\\,\\mathrm{TeV}\\]), has implied the exclusion of all the models classified and published by COMPETE. The \\[\\rho \\] results obtained by TOTEM are compatible with the predictions, from other theoretical models both in the Regge-like framework and in the QCD framework, of a crossing-odd colourless 3-gluon compound state exchange in the t-channel of the proton–proton elastic scattering. On the contrary, if shown that the crossing-odd 3-gluon compound state t-channel exchange is not of importance for the description of elastic scattering, the \\[\\rho \\] value determined by TOTEM would represent a first evidence of a slowing down of the total cross-section growth at higher energies. The very low-|t| reach allowed also to determine the absolute normalisation using the Coulomb amplitude for the first time at the LHC and obtain a new total proton–proton cross-section measurement \\[\\sigma _{\\mathrm{tot}} = (110.3 \\pm 3.5)\\,\\mathrm{mb}\\], completely independent from the previous TOTEM determination. Combining the two TOTEM results yields \\[\\sigma _{\\mathrm{tot}} = (110.5 \\pm 2.4)\\,\\mathrm{mb}\\].

The TOTEM collaboration has measured the proton–proton total cross section at \\[\\sqrt{s}=13~\\hbox {TeV}\\] with a luminosity-independent method. Using dedicated \\[\\beta ^{*}=90~\\hbox {m}\\] beam optics, the Roman Pots were inserted very close to the beam. The inelastic scattering rate has been measured by the T1 and T2 telescopes during the same LHC fill. After applying the optical theorem the total proton–proton cross section is \\[\\sigma _\\mathrm{tot}=(110.6~\\pm ~3.4\\]) mb, well in agreement with the extrapolation from lower energies. This method also allows one to derive the luminosity-independent elastic and inelastic cross sections: \\[\\sigma _\\mathrm{el}=(31.0~\\pm ~1.7)~\\hbox {mb}\\] and \\[\\sigma _\\mathrm{inel}=(79.5~\\pm ~1.8)~\\hbox {mb}\\].

The AGILE (Advanced enerGetic Ion eLectron tElescope) project focuses on the development of a compact low-cost space-based instrument to measure the intensities of charged particles and ions in space. Using multiple layers of fast silicon sensors and custom front-end electronics, the instrument is designed for real-time particle identification of a large variety of elements from H to Fe and spanning energies from 1 to 100 MeV per nucleon. The robust method proposed in this work uses key defining features of electronic signals generated by charged particles (ions) traveling through silicon layers to reliably identify and characterize particles in situ. AGILE will use this real-time pulse shape discrimination technique for the first time in space based instrumentation.

We present the performance of a full-length prototype of the ALICE Forward Calorimeter (FoCal). The detector is composed of a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic sampling calorimeter with longitudinal and transverse segmentation (FoCal-E) of about 20\\(X_0\\) and a hadronic copper-scintillating-fiber calorimeter (FoCal-H) of about 5\\(\\lambda_{\\rm int}\\). The data were taken between 2021 and 2023 at the CERN PS and SPS beam lines with hadron (electron) beams up to energies of 350 (300) GeV. Regarding FoCal-E, we report a comprehensive analysis of its response to minimum ionizing particles across all pad layers. The longitudinal shower profile of electromagnetic showers is measured with a layer-wise segmentation of 1\\(X_0\\). As a projection to the performance of the final detector in electromagnetic showers, we demonstrate linearity in the full energy range, and show that the energy resolution fulfills the requirements for the physics needs. Additionally, the performance to separate two-showers events was studied by quantifying the transverse shower width. Regarding FoCal-H, we report a detailed analysis of the response to hadron beams between 60 and 350 GeV. The results are compared to simulations obtained with a Geant4 model of the test beam setup, which in particular for FoCal-E are in good agreement with the data. The energy resolution of FoCal-E was found to be lower than 3% at energies larger than 100 GeV. The response of FoCal-H to hadron beams was found to be linear, albeit with a significant intercept that is about factor 2 larger than in simulations. Its resolution, which is non-Gaussian and generally larger than in simulations, was quantified using the FWHM, and decreases from about 16% at 100 GeV to about 11% at 350 GeV. The discrepancy to simulations, which is particularly evident at low hadron energies, needs to be further investigated.

Highly integrated multichannel readout electronics is crucial in contemporary particle physics experiments. A novel silicon photomultiplier readout system based on the VMM3a ASIC was developed, for the first time exploiting this chip for calorimetric purposes. To extend the dynamic range the signal from each SiPM channel was processed by two electronics channels with different gain. A fully operational prototype system with 256 SiPM readout channels allowed the collection of data from a prototype of the ALICE Forward Hadron Calorimeter (FoCal-H). The design and the test beam results using high energy hadron beams are presented and discussed, confirming the applicability of VMM3a-based solutions for energy measurements in a high rate environment.

In order to improve the time precision of detectors based on diamonds sensors we have built a detector with two scCVD layers connected in parallel to the same amplifier. This note describes the design and the first measurements of such a prototype performed on a particle beam at CERN. With this different configuration we have obtained an improvement on the timing precision of a factor of 1.6-1.7 with respect to a single layer scCVD diamond detector.

This work reports the testing of a Forward Calorimeter (FoCal) prototype based on an n-type Si pad array detector at the CERN PS accelerator. The FoCal is a proposed upgrade in the ALICE detector operating within the pseudorapidity range of 3.2 < \\(\\mathrm{\\eta}\\) < 5.8. It aims to measure direct photons, neutral hadrons, vector mesons, and jets for the study of gluon saturation effects in the unexplored region of low momentum fraction x (\\(\\mathrm{\\sim10^{-5} - 10^{-6}}\\)). The prototype is a \\(\\mathrm{8\\times9}\\) n-type Si pad array detector with each pad occupying one cm\\(^2\\) area, fabricated on a 6-in, 325~\\(\\mathrm{\\pm 10 \\thinspace \\mu}\\)m thick, and high-resistivity (\\(\\sim\\)7 k\\(\\Omega \\thinspace\\) cm) Si wafer which is readout using HGCROCv2 chip. The detector is tested using pion beams of energy 10~GeV and electron beams of energy 1-5~GeV. The measurements of the Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP) response of pions and the shower profiles of electrons are reported.

The MIP Timing Detector will provide additional timing capabilities for detection of minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) at CMS during the High Luminosity LHC era, improving event reconstruction and pileup rejection. The central portion of the detector, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL), will be instrumented with LYSO:Ce crystals and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) providing a time resolution of about 30 ps at the beginning of operation, and degrading to 50-60 ps at the end of the detector lifetime as a result of radiation damage. In this work, we present the results obtained using a 120 GeV proton beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility to measure the time resolution of unirradiated sensors. A proof-of-concept of the sensor layout proposed for the barrel region of the MTD, consisting of elongated crystal bars with dimensions of about 3 x 3 x 57 mm\\(^3\\) and with double-ended SiPM readout, is demonstrated. This design provides a robust time measurement independent of the impact point of the MIP along the crystal bar. We tested LYSO:Ce bars of different thickness (2, 3, 4 mm) with a geometry close to the reference design and coupled to SiPMs manufactured by Hamamatsu and Fondazione Bruno Kessler. The various aspects influencing the timing performance such as the crystal thickness, properties of the SiPMs (e.g. photon detection efficiency), and impact angle of the MIP are studied. A time resolution of about 28 ps is measured for MIPs crossing a 3 mm thick crystal bar, corresponding to an MPV energy deposition of 2.6 MeV, and of 22 ps for the 4.2 MeV MPV energy deposition expected in the BTL, matching the detector performance target for unirradiated devices.