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While vaccines ensure individual protection against COVID-19 infection, delay in receipt or refusal of vaccines will have both individual and community impacts. The behavioral factors of vaccine hesitancy or refusal are a crucial dimension that need to be understood in order to design appropriate interventions. The aim of this study was to explore the behavioral determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and to provide recommendations to increase the acceptance and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh. We employed a Barrier Analysis (BA) approach to examine twelve potential behavioral determinants (drawn from the Health Belief Model [HBM] and Theory of Reasoned Action [TRA]) of intended vaccine acceptance. We conducted 45 interviews with those who intended to take the vaccine (Acceptors) and another 45 interviews with those who did not have that intention (Non-acceptors). We performed data analysis to find statistically significant differences and to identify which beliefs were most highly associated with acceptance and non-acceptance with COVID-19 vaccines. The behavioral determinants associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Dhaka included perceived social norms, perceived safety of COVID-19 vaccines and trust in them, perceived risk/susceptibility, perceived self-efficacy, perceived positive and negative consequences, perceived action efficacy, perceived severity of COVID-19, access, and perceived divine will. In line with the HBM, beliefs about the disease itself were highly predictive of vaccine acceptance, and some of the strongest statistically-significant (p<0.001) predictors of vaccine acceptance in this population are beliefs around both injunctive and descriptive social norms. Specifically, Acceptors were 3.2 times more likely to say they would be very likely to get a COVID-19 vaccine if a doctor or nurse recommended it, twice as likely to say that most people they know will get a vaccine, and 1.3 times more likely to say that most close family and friends will get a vaccine. The perceived safety of vaccines was found to be important since Non-acceptors were 1.8 times more likely to say that COVID-19 vaccines are \"not safe at all\". Beliefs about one's risk of getting COVID-19 disease and the severity of it were predictive of being a vaccine acceptor: Acceptors were 1.4 times more likely to say that it was very likely that someone in their household would get COVID-19, 1.3 times more likely to say that they were very concerned about getting COVID-19, and 1.3 times more likely to say that it would be very serious if someone in their household contracted COVID-19. Other responses of Acceptors on what makes immunization easier may be helpful in programming to boost acceptance, such as providing vaccination through government health facilities, schools, and kiosks, and having vaccinators maintain proper COVID-19 health and safety protocols. An effective behavior change strategy for COVID-19 vaccines uptake will need to address multiple beliefs and behavioral determinants, reducing barriers and leveraging enablers identified in this study. National plans for promoting COVID-19 vaccination should address the barriers, enablers, and behavioral determinants found in this study in order to maximize the impact on COVID-19 vaccination acceptance.

Seaweeds are now recognized as a treasure of bioactive compounds. However, the bioactivity of seaweed originating in Bangladesh is still unexplored. So, this study was designed to explore the secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts of Padina tetrastromatica and Gracilaria tenuistipitata . Phytochemical screening and FTIR spectra confirm the diverse type of bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity of extracts were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), reducing power (RP), phosphomolybdenum, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays. Here, methanolic extract of P. tetrastromatica showed highest amount of total phenolic content (85.61 mg of GA/g), total flavonoid content (41.77 mg of quercetin/g), DPPH (77.07%), ABTS (77.65%), RP (53.24 mg AAE/g), phosphomolybdenum (31.58 mg AAE/g), hydrogen peroxide (67.89%) and NO (70.64%) assays compared to its methanolic extracts of G. tenuistipitata . This study concluded that methanol as a solvent extract of brown seaweed ( P. tetrastromatica ) exhibited bioactivity and antioxidant potentiality which will be useful for pharmacological as well as in functional food application.

Sequestosome1 (p62/SQSTM 1) is a multidomain protein that interacts with the autophagy machinery as a key adaptor of target cargo. It interacts with phagophores through the LC3-interacting (LIR) domain and with the ubiquitinated protein aggregates through the ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) domain. It sequesters the target cargo into inclusion bodies by its PB1 domain. This protein is further the central hub that interacts with several key signaling proteins. Emerging evidence implicates p62 in the induction of multiple cellular oncogenic transformations. Indeed, p62 upregulation and/or reduced degradation have been implicated in tumor formation, cancer promotion as well as in resistance to therapy. It has been established that the process of autophagy regulates the levels of p62. Autophagy-dependent apoptotic activity of p62 is recently being reported. It is evident that p62 plays a critical role in both autophagy and apoptosis. Therefore in this review we discuss the role of p62 in autophagy, apoptosis and cancer through its different domains and outline the importance of modulating cellular levels of p62 in cancer therapeutics.

Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is associated with better health of the mothers and reduced risk of neonatal mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of EIBF and associated factors among Bangladeshi mothers. The data was extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2014. A total of 4,092 married non-pregnant Bangladeshi mothers who had at least one child aged 2 years or younger were included in this study. A two-level logistic regression model was used to remove the clustering effect for finding the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on EIBF. The prevalence of EIBF among Bangladeshi mothers was 51.4% (urban: 47.1% and rural: 53.4%). A two -level logistic regression model showed that mothers living in the Sylhet division (p<0.01) and rural environment (p<0.05) were more likely to practice EIBF. Mothers who were obese or overweight (p<0.01), had secondary (p<0.05) or higher education (p<0.01) were less likely to provide early breastfeeding to their newborn babies compared to their counterparts. Those who delivered by caesarian-section (p<0.01) were less likely to perform EIBF while those who attended an antenatal care clinic more than 3 times (p<0.05) were more likely to do so. About half of the Bangladeshi mothers did not start breast-feeding within one hour after birth. This study identified several geographical and socio-demographic factors that were associated with EIBF, and hope that this information will help the government to focus their resources to promote early breastfeeding.

This work focuses on the utilization of counter-propagating plane waves for optical manipulation, which provides a unique approach to control the behavior of Rayleigh and Dipolar nanoparticles immersed in a homogeneous or heterogeneous medium. Our study presents an interesting finding of a repulsive force between plasmonic-chiral heterodimers where the particles move away from each other in both near and far field regions. Interestingly, this repulsive thrust supports the wave like nature of light for the case of homogeneous background but particle type nature of light for heterogenous background. At first, we have investigated the theory underlying the optical trapping of the chiral particle and the impact of this phenomenon on the overall repulsive behavior of the heterodimers placed in air (homogeneous) background. After that, our proposed set-up has further been investigated putting in air-water interface (heterogenous background) and by varying light angle only a little bit. Our observation for this interface case is suggesting the transfer of Minkowski momentum of photon to each optically pulled Rayleigh or dipolar particle of the dimer set, which ultimately causes a broad-band giant repulsive thrust of the dimers. However, in absence of the other particle in the cluster, a single half-immersed particle does not experience the pulling force for the broad-band spectrum. The ‘common’ reason of the observed repulsive thrust of the dimers for both the aforementioned cases has been attributed to \"modified\" longitudinal Optical Binding Force (OBF). Technically, this work may open a new way to control the repulsion and attraction between the nanoparticles both in near and far field regions by utilizing the background and the counter-propagating waves. We also believe that this work manifests a possible simple set-up, which will support to observe a background dependent wave ‘or’ particle nature of light experimentally.

This study aimed to isolate and identify probiotic bacteria from the gut of Barbonymus gonionotus and evaluate their effects on growth, hematological parameters, and breeding performances of the host. Five probiotic bacteria viz . Enterococcus xiangfangensis (GFB-1), Pseudomonas stutzeri (GFB-2), Bacillus subtilis (GFB-3), Citrobacter freundii (GFB-4), and P. aeruginosa (GFB-5) were isolated and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Application of a consortium of probiotic strains (1–3 × 1.35 × 10 9  CFU kg −1 ) or individual strain such as GFB-1 (1.62 × 10 9  CFU kg −1 ), GFB-2 (1.43 × 10 9  CFU kg −1 ), GFB-3 (1.06 × 10 9  CFU kg −1 ), GFB-4 (1.5 × 10 9  CFU kg −1 ) or GFB-5 (1.43 × 10 9  CFU kg −1 feed) through feed significantly improved growth, histological and hematological parameters and reproductive performances of B. gonionotus compared to untreated control. Moreover, the application of these probiotics significantly increased gut lactic acid bacteria and activities of digestive enzymes but did not show any antibiotic resistance nor any cytotoxicity in vitro. The highest beneficial effects on treated fishes were recorded by the application of GFB-1, GFB-2, GFB-3, and a consortium of these bacteria (T2). This is the first report of the improvement of growth and health of B. gonionotus fishes by its gut bacteria.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether there is a difference in musculoskeletal pain between those who are addicted to mobile games and those who are not, to ascertain the association between mobile game addiction and socio-demographic variables, and to ascertain the pain predictor for mobile game addiction on different musculoskeletal regions. There were 840 students in all, both males and females, in this cross-sectional survey from three distinct Bangladeshi institutions. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire, the Gaming Addiction Scale, and the demographic data form were distributed to the participants. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and descriptive statistics. Binary logistic regression was used to find the predicted risk factor for mobile gaming addiction. Musculoskeletal pain affects 52.1% of participants in some part of the body. Males have a 2.01-fold higher likelihood of developing gaming addiction compared to females. Those who are addicted to mobile games experience a higher occurrence of pain in the neck, upper back, elbows, and wrist and hands with a odds ratio of (OR 2.84, 95% CI: 1.49-5.36; p = 0.016), (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.97-7.12; p = <0.001), (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.34-8.50; p = 0.010), and (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.00-4.57; p = 0.049) respectively. These results demonstrate that mobile gaming addiction raises students' risk of musculoskeletal discomfort. Two-three times higher risk of developing pain in the neck, upper back, elbows, and wrist and hands among mobile game addicts.

•Successful production of a secreted active CRM197 using Pichia pastoris allows for easy downstream processing.•Yields produced are >100 mg L−1, which is equivalent to recombinant production using native Corynebacterium diphtheriae.•Optimized fermentation and purification strategy results in >95% pure recombinant CRM197.•Vi-typhoid antigen vaccine conjugated to recombinantly produced CRM197 has improved efficacy compared to a non-conjugated variant. CRM197 is a commonly used glycoconjugate carrier that improves the immunogenicity of vaccines, particularly in infants. Despite the advantages of this diphtheria toxoid mutant, low yields, production in inclusion bodies, and the requirement for specific growth conditions have limited the breadth of successful recombinant protein expression platforms available for its expression. We evaluated Pichia pastoris as a production host, using the methanol inducible AOX1 promoter and a modified α-mating factor signal peptide for secretion into the supernatant. Final purified yields >100 mg L−1 culture were achieved when produced in a bioreactor, which is equivalent to the productivity obtained from bioprocesses using the native Corynebacterium diphtheriae host. Recombinant CRM197 was purified to ≥95% homogeneity and showed the expected endonuclease activity. Furthermore, mice immunized with a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi capsular Vi antigen conjugated to our recombinant CRM197 showed greater than 5-fold increase in immune response. Overall, the results demonstrate that Pichia pastoris is a suitable expression host for the production of high quality CRM197 for vaccine applications.

In the previous decade, breakthroughs in the central nervous system bioinformatics and computational innovation have prompted significant developments in brain–computer interface (BCI), elevating it to the forefront of applied science and research. BCI revitalization enables neurorehabilitation strategies for physically disabled patients (e.g., disabled patients and hemiplegia) and patients with brain injury (e.g., patients with stroke). Different methods have been developed for electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BCI applications. Due to the lack of a large set of EEG data, methods using matrix factorization and machine learning were the most popular. However, things have changed recently because a number of large, high-quality EEG datasets are now being made public and used in deep learning-based BCI applications. On the other hand, deep learning is demonstrating great prospects for solving complex relevant tasks such as motor imagery classification, epileptic seizure detection, and driver attention recognition using EEG data. Researchers are doing a lot of work on deep learning-based approaches in the BCI field right now. Moreover, there is a great demand for a study that emphasizes only deep learning models for EEG-based BCI applications. Therefore, we introduce this study to the recent proposed deep learning-based approaches in BCI using EEG data (from 2017 to 2022). The main differences, such as merits, drawbacks, and applications are introduced. Furthermore, we point out current challenges and the directions for future studies. We argue that this review study will help the EEG research community in their future research.

Worldwide Hepatitis B is known as one of the imperative causes of mortality and morbidity as well as occupational health hazard among health workers. Bangladesh is intermediate endemic country for Hepatitis B infection for which the government has introduced hepatitis B vaccination into the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) nationwide since 2009 for new born children. However, the people who were born before 2009, was dependent on imported hepatitis B vaccine as there was no locally manufactured hepatitis B vaccine in Bangladesh. Hence, we conducted a randomized observer blinded non-inferiority clinical trial to assess the immunogenicity and safety of the locally manufactured Hepa-B vaccine in comparison with World Health Organization prequalified Engerix-B vaccine. Total 158 eligible adult participants were enrolled in this study with mean age of 30 and 29 years old in Hepa-B and Engerix-B groups, respectively. Both the vaccines were administered intramuscularly at 0, 1 and 6 months schedule. Baseline and post vaccination anti-HBs titers were measure at different time points. Seroconversion rate post three doses of Hepa-B vaccine was 98.67% similar to the comparator Engerix-B vaccine which was 100%. The geometric mean test ratios of both vaccines at all analysis time points were found > 0.5 predefined non-inferiority margin. Soreness at the injection site was the most common symptom for both the vaccines which resolved without any complication. No serious adverse event was reported throughout the study period. These results suggest that locally manufactured hepatitis B vaccine ‘Hepa-B’ vaccine is non-inferior to the well-known licensed ‘Engerix-B’ vaccine. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03627507.