Explore the vast range of titles available.

The threat of global warming has increased due to industrialization, urbanization, population expansion, and changes in lifestyle among the Group of Seven(G7) Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) directly affect how much electricity can be generated from various sources. This research aims to identify environmental hazards associated with various energy sources. Analyzing the impact of various energy sources on CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production using data from the G7. The data is analyzed using quantile regression (QR), generalized method of moments (GMM), random effects (RE), and fixed effects (FE). Our results indicate a substantial positive impact on CO2 emissions regardless of the technology used to generate coal and gas power. Coal-fired power plants have a larger impact on the environment than other sources of emissions. Also, all coal and gas coefficients are significant in FE, RE, GMM, and QR. Oil coefficients have a negative impact on environmental degradation and are significant for FE, RE, and D-GMM regressions. Hydroelectric and renewable energy production can reduce CO2 emissions in all regression models. Nuclear energy has a beneficial impact on the environment, but the coefficients are only significant for S-GMM and the last quantile. However, the most significant result of this study is the identification of a cause-and-effect relationship between CO2 emissions and energy production. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions can be lowered by shifting away from fossil fuels and toward renewable and hydroelectric sources. The research also suggests several renewable and alternative electricity production policies for sustainable energy.

In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from agro-waste betel nut husks (BNH) through the chemical activation method. Different characterization techniques described the physicochemical nature of betel nut husks activated carbon (BNH-AC) through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and pH point of zero charge. Later, the produced AC was used for methylene blue (MB) adsorption via numerous batch experimental parameters: initial concentrations of MB dye (25–250 mg/L), contact time (0.5–24 hours) and initial pH (2–12). Dye adsorption isotherms were also assessed at three temperatures where the maximum adsorption capacity (381.6 mg/g) was found at 30 °C. The adsorption equilibrium data were best suited to the non-linear form of the Freundlich isotherm model. Additionally, non-linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model was better fitted with the experimental value as well. Steady motion of solute particles from the boundary layer to the BNH-AC's surface was the possible reaction dynamics concerning MB adsorption. Thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Saline water emerged as an efficient eluent for the desorption of adsorbed dye on AC. Therefore, the BNH-AC is a very promising and cost-effective adsorbent for MB dye treatment and has high adsorption capacity.

In Bangladesh, there were 1073 lightning-related deaths reported only in May from 2010 to 2021. This figure accounts for 34% of the total lightning-related deaths in the country. A strong sea-level pressure ridge from the north-west and a 500 hPa geo-potential height ridge spanning across north-west to south-east Bangladesh favour frequent pre-monsoon lightning. The elongated low-pressure trough over the Gangetic plains of India towards Bangladesh is a very unique geo-characteristic for convective activity in May. Heightened pre-monsoon lightning activity is also due to a very strong temperature anomaly coupled with an associated convective precipitation system that is triggered by topographic forces from the Shillong Plateau and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The southerly to south-westerly low-level jet assists moisture transport from the Bay of Bengal in the pre-monsoon. Further, the north to north-westerly subtropical jet stream provides conditions that are conducive to the development of frequent pre-monsoon lightning activity. Moreover, convective available potential energy (CAPE) all over the country in May destabilises the country’s atmosphere with numerous thunderstorms. Precise information of the pre-monsoon climatological anomaly and the associated atmospheric stability indices can be beneficial for the management of lightning-related deaths in Bangladesh.

This study examines the impact of female education and other control variables such as trade openness, per capita GDP, urbanization, and male employment on women’s employment opportunities in South Asian countries. The annual data from 1990 to 2020 were evaluated. After determining the existence of slope heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence, and mixed order stationary in the panel data, the paper applied the Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributive Lag (CS-ARDL) model to estimate long and short-run impacts. At the same time, AMG, MG, and CCEMG models have been utilized for checking robustness and validating the findings. According to CS-ARDL findings, female education and trade openness have a significant positive impact on female employment in the short and long term. In contrast, GDP per capita and urbanization are diminishing female employment in the targeted countries in the long run. The AMG, MG, and CCEMG results support the CS-ARDL findings. This shows that these governments should incorporate trade and education for women into their labor strategies. The key contribution of this study is in the field of labor market opportunity for female employment and shows the relative importance of education in determining female employment in South Asia.

Temperature rise is a concern for future agriculture in different regions of the globe. This study aimed to reveal the future changes and variabilities in minimum temperature (Tmin) and maximum temperature (Tmax) in the monthly, seasonal, and annual scale over Bangladesh using 40 General Circulation Models (GCMs) of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) for two radiative concentration pathways (RCPs, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The statistical downscaling climate model (SimCLIM) was used for downscaling and to ensemble temperature projections (Tmax and Tmin) for the near (2021–2060) and far (2071–2100) periods compared to the base period (1986–2005). Multi-model ensemble (MME) exhibited increasing Tmax and Tmin for all the timescales for all future periods and RCPs. Sen’s slope (SS) analysis showed the highest increase in Tmax and Tmin in February and relatively less increase in July and August. The mean annual Tmax over Bangladesh would increase by 0.61°C and 1.75°C in the near future and 0.91°C and 3.85°C in the far future, while the mean annual Tmin would rise by 0.65°C and 1.85°C in the near future and 0.96°C and 4.07°C in the far future, for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The northern and northwestern parts of the country would experience the highest rise in Tmax and Tmin, which have traditionally been exposed to temperature extremes. In contrast, the southeastern coastal region would experience the least rise in temperature. A higher increase in Tmin than Tmax was detected for all timescales, signifying a future decrease in the diurnal temperature range (DTR). The highest increase in Tmax and Tmin will be in winter compared to other seasons for both the periods and RCPs. The spatial variability of Tmax and Tmin changes can be useful for the long-term planning of the country.

In recent years, different biomaterials have garnered more research attention due to their usefulness as adsorbents. The present study focuses on a chemical treatment process to improve the adsorption capacity of betel nut husk fibers for a textile effluent (methylene blue). The fibers of chemically modified material were assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyzer to determine the existing surface functional groups and surface area, respectively. Parameters including contact time, dye concentration, temperature, effects of pH and desorption efficiency were also evaluated to identify optimum adsorption performance. Adsorption followed the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-first-order kinetics, indicating physisorption was responsible for adsorption and its occurrence on multilayers. Adsorption capacity was 149.921 mg/g, 149.874 mg/g and 145.462 mg/g at 30, 40 and 50, respectively, and was best at 30 °C. ΔH° was found to be − 1.494 which suggests adsorption is exothermic in nature and thus satisfying the findings that the physical process of adsorption took place in this study.

This research investigates the effects of tourism, GDP per capita, renewable energy, energy intensity, urbanization, and population on the environment in 40 Asian countries. Data from 1995 to 2019 are used in this analysis. Slope heterogeneity (SH), cross-sectional dependency (CSD), and the combination of level and first differenced stationary are all addressed using a new cross-sectionally autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model in this work. Using Westerlund's cointegration method, these variables can be connected throughout time. To validate the findings, both augmented mean groups (AMG) and Common correlated effect mean groups (CCEMG) were utilized. The study results indicate that tourism helps slow the degradation of the natural environment. CO 2 emissions increase as a result of variables such as population growth, energy use, and economic development. Only tourism and renewable energy can help cut CO 2 emissions. As a consequence, CS-ARDL results are supported by results from AMG and CCEMG tests. Policymakers may be encouraged countries to adopt renewable energy and foster the expansion of the sustainable tourism industry.

Background and AimsLatewood formation in conifers occurs during the later part of the growing season, when the cell division activity of the cambium declines. Changes in temperature might be important for wood formation in trees. Therefore, the effects of a rapid decrease in temperature on cellular morphology of tracheids were investigated in localized heating-induced cambial reactivation in Cryptomeria japonica trees and in Abies firma seedlings.MethodsElectric heating tape and heating ribbon were wrapped on the stems of C. japonica trees and A. firma seedlings. Heating was discontinued when 11 or 12 and eight or nine radial files of differentiating and differentiated tracheids had been produced in C. japonica and A. firma stems, respectively. Tracheid diameter, cell wall thickness, percentage of cell wall area and percentage of lumen area were determined by image analysis of transverse sections and scanning electron microscopy.Key ResultsLocalized heating induced earlier cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation in stems of C. japonica and A. firma as compared with non-heated stems. One week after cessation of heating, there were no obvious changes in the dimensions of the differentiating tracheids in the samples from adult C. japonica. In contrast, tracheids with a smaller diameter were observed in A. firma seedlings after 1 week of cessation of heating. Two or three weeks after cessation of heating, tracheids with reduced diameters and thickened cell walls were found. The results showed that the rapid decrease in temperature produced slender tracheids with obvious thickening of cell walls that resembled latewood cells.ConclusionsThe results suggest that a localized decrease in temperature of stems induces changes in the diameter and cell wall thickness of differentiating tracheids, indicating that cambium and its derivatives can respond directly to changes in temperature.

Wool fiber strength and handle is damaged by holding for prolonged periods at normal dyeing temperatures (98 °C). Lower dyeing temperatures can be employed to color wool whilst reducing damage caused to the fiber. However, these lower temperature dyeing processes often have a long dyeing time and/or require the addition of chemicals to achieve adequate dye exhaustion and migration. The use of ultrasonic irradiation was used to reduce dyeing times and temperatures whilst increasing dye migration and fastness. It has used 30 kHz frequency level, effective power of 120 and 350 W heating power in ultrasonic machine. In this work, wool dyeing was carried out on single jersey knitted fabric using an acid dye with and without ultrasonic irradiation at 60, 70, and 80 °C. Dye exhaustion was measured using UV/visible absorbance of the dye bath before and during the dyeing cycle. For the measurement of nodal/anti-nodal point of energy, at 60, 70, and 80 °C dyeing was done in open bath of ultrasonic machine with and without sonication at high liquor ratio. To compare the dye uptake (%) at high/conventional process, sample was dyed at 95 °C. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to measure the diameter and surface changes of the fiber, respectively. Wash and rub fastness was measured on the dyed fabrics after rinsing and drying. Ultrasonic irradiation during the dyeing of wool caused an increase in the dye exhaustion rate for acid dye. This change in rate is believed to have been caused by a reduction in the viscous boundary layer of liquor surrounding the fiber present in an ultrasonic irradiated environment. An increased dye migration due to cuticle cracking and fiber swelling was not deemed to have occurred as wet fiber diameter was not changed by submersion in the dye liquor in the presence of ultrasound and no surface cracking was evident in scanning electron microscopy images. Some cuticle structure changes occurred with turning up or ripping off of the cuticle tips evident. Both wash and rub fastness were improved for ultrasonically dyed fiber with dyeing temperatures of 70 and 80 °C being suitable for the low-temperature dyeing of wool.

Cd-contaminated saline soil is now becoming a serious threat affecting sustainable agriculture throughout the world. In this study, organic amendments (OA) were applied to Cd-contaminated saline soils to, firstly, reduce the bioavailability of Cd in soil and, secondly, minimize Cd accumulation in red amaranth ( Amaranthus gangeticus ) plant. The soil was treated with 1% and 2% of cow dung (CD), vermicompost (VC), waste tea (WT), saw dust (SD), rice hull (RH), and compost. Red amaranth ( Amaranthus gangeticus ) plant was grown using a pot experiment in control and OA-treated soil stressed with both salinity (4 dsm −1 and 8 dSm −1 ) and Cd (5 mgkg −1 ). In slightly saline conditions (4 dSm −1 ), the addition of 1% CD and VC reduced the bioavailable Cd in the soil to 17.44% and 15.12%, respectively. The reduction increased to 24.42% and 25.58% with 2% rate of application in the same soil. However, in moderately saline soil (8 dSm −1 ), the reduction varied significantly only with the higher rate. Shoot Cd content was reduced by 85.86% using 2% VC in low saline soil. The bioconcentration factor was also lowered with the addition of CD and VC; however, the performance proved to be better in low saline soil at 2% rate of application. The health risk index (HRI) value for the adults was observed to be < 1 only when the soil with low salinity was treated with 2% VC. Consequently, VC can be used in Cd-contaminated saline soils for red amaranth cultivation to reduce risks to people’s health.