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جنرال الجيش الميت : رواية من ألبانيا
هذه الرواية للكاتب الألباني إسماعيل کاداره مزيج موفق من الأدب الوصفي والبسيكولوجي، فهي قصة جنرال إيطالي كلف باستعادة رمم الضباط والجنود الإيطاليين الذين قضوا نحبهم في ألبانيا أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية... ذلك هو الحدث الروائي، أما القصة بوصفها تحليلا، فهي قصة ردود الفعل التي استثارتها مهمة الجنرال في نفوس الألبانيين ترى بماذا يفكر العامل الألباني وهو ينقب بحثا عن جثث أولئك الذين داسوا ثرى بلاده، وقتلوا من أهلها من قتلوا ؟ وهذه (الألبانيا) الجبلية الشماء : كيف انعكست طبيعتها في نفوس أهلها، وفي تقاليدهم وتراثهم الشعبي، والشعري منه على الخصوص، وما يتميز به من مشاعر حادة، وحزن مستديم يخترق القلب وكأنه سكين وثمة.. وثمة... ويحضر الجنرال عرسا في القرية بصحبة القس الذي كان من أعضاء بعثته. ولاتكاد تراه أحدى العجائز حتى تنسحب من الحقل لكي تعود بكيس ملطخ بالطين... يحوي رفات الكولونيل... من هو هذا الكولونيل ؟... وماذا حل برفاقه ؟ وهل قرت بها عينا زوجته الثرية الجميلة ؟ الأفضل أن نسمع الجواب من فم الروائي نفسه.
Book
Performance assessment of the metaheuristic optimization algorithms: an exhaustive review
The simulation-driven metaheuristic algorithms have been successful in solving numerous problems compared to their deterministic counterparts. Despite this advantage, the stochastic nature of such algorithms resulted in a spectrum of solutions by a certain number of trials that may lead to the uncertainty of quality solutions. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to use a correct tool for measuring the performance of the diverse set of metaheuristic algorithms to derive an appropriate judgment on the superiority of the algorithms and also to validate the claims raised by researchers for their specific objectives. The performance of a randomized metaheuristic algorithm can be divided into efficiency and effectiveness measures. The efficiency relates to the algorithm’s speed of finding accurate solutions, convergence, and computation. On the other hand, effectiveness relates to the algorithm’s capability of finding quality solutions. Both scopes are crucial for continuous and discrete problems either in single- or multi-objectives. Each problem type has different formulation and methods of measurement within the scope of efficiency and effectiveness performance. One of the most decisive verdicts for the effectiveness measure is the statistical analysis that depends on the data distribution and appropriate tool for correct judgments.
Journal Article
Biodiesel production potential from fat fraction of municipal waste in Makkah
In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), millions of Muslims come to perform Pilgrimage every year. Around one million ton of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in Makkah city annually. The collected MSW is disposed of in the landfills without any treatment or energy recovery. As a result, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contamination of the soil and water bodies along with leachate and odors are occurring in waste disposal vicinities. The composition of MSW shows that food waste is the largest waste stream (up to 51%) of the total generated MSW. About 13% of the food waste consists of fat content that is equivalent to about 64 thousand tons per year. This study aims to estimate the production potential of biodiesel first time in Makkah city from fat/oil fractions of MSW and highlight its economic and environmental benefits. It has been estimated that 62.53, 117.15 and 6.38 thousand tons of biodiesel, meat and bone meal (MBM) and glycerol respectively could be produced in 2014. A total electricity potential of 852 Gigawatt hour (GWh) from all three sources based on their energy contents, Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 40.17, 18.33 and 19 MJ/kg, was estimated for 2014 that will increase up to 1777 GWh in 2050. The cumulative net savings from landfill waste diversion (256 to 533 million Saudi Riyal (SAR)), carbon credits (46 to 96 million SAR), fuel savings (146 to 303 million SAR) and electricity generation (273 to 569 million SAR) have a potential to add a total net revenue of 611 to 1274 million SAR every year to the Saudi economy, from 2014 to 2050 respectively. However, further studies including real-time data about annual slaughtering activities and the amount of waste generation and its management are critical to decide optimum waste management practices based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies.
Journal Article
Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies
Soon after they were first described in 1990, aptamers were largely recognized as a new class of biological ligands that can rival antibodies in various analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Aptamers are short single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides capable of folding into complex 3D structures, enabling them to bind to a large variety of targets ranging from small ions to an entire organism. Their high binding specificity and affinity make them comparable to antibodies, but they are superior regarding a longer shelf life, simple production and chemical modification, in addition to low toxicity and immunogenicity. In the past three decades, aptamers have been used in a plethora of therapeutics and drug delivery systems that involve innovative delivery mechanisms and carrying various types of drug cargos. However, the successful translation of aptamer research from bench to bedside has been challenged by several limitations that slow down the realization of promising aptamer applications as therapeutics at the clinical level. The main limitations include the susceptibility to degradation by nucleases, fast renal clearance, low thermal stability, and the limited functional group diversity. The solution to overcome such limitations lies in the chemistry of aptamers. The current review will focus on the recent arts of aptamer chemistry that have been evolved to refine the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Moreover, this review will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of such chemical modifications and how they impact the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Finally, this review will summarize the conjugation strategies of aptamers to nanocarriers for developing targeted drug delivery systems.
Journal Article
MHD Flow of a Hybrid Nano-Fluid in a Triangular Enclosure with Zigzags and an Elliptic Obstacle
The current study uses the multi-physics COMSOL software and the Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer model with a porosity of ε = 0.4 to conduct a numerical study on heat transfer by Cu-TiO2/EG hybrid nano-fluid inside a porous annulus between a zigzagged triangle and different cylinders and under the influence of an inclined magnetic field. The effect of numerous factors is detailed, including Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), volume percent of the nano-fluid (0.02 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.08), and the rotating speed of the cylinder (−4000 ≤ w ≤ 4000). Except for the Hartmann number, which decelerates the flow rate, each of these parameters has a positive impact on the thermal transmission rate.
Journal Article
Combinatorial Optimization: Comparison of Heuristic Algorithms in Travelling Salesman Problem
The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is an NP-hard problem with high number of possible solutions. The complexity increases with the factorial of n nodes in each specific problem. Meta-heuristic algorithms are an optimization algorithm that able to solve TSP problem towards a satisfactory solution. To date, there are many meta-heuristic algorithms introduced in literatures which consist of different philosophies of intensification and diversification. This paper focuses on 6 heuristic algorithms: Nearest Neighbor, Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search, Ant Colony Optimization and Tree Physiology Optimization. The study in this paper includes comparison of computation, accuracy and convergence.
Journal Article
Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Al2O3-MWCNT Hybrid-Nanofluid inside a Tube/Shell Heat Exchanger with Different Tube Shapes
The high demand for compact heat exchangers has led researchers to develop high-quality and energy-efficient heat exchangers at a lower cost than conventional ones. To address this requirement, the present study focuses on improvements to the tube/shell heat exchanger to maximize the efficiency either by altering the tube’s geometrical shape and/or by adding nanoparticles in its heat transfer fluid. Water-based Al2O3-MWCNT hybrid nanofluid is utilized here as a heat transfer fluid. The fluid flows at a high temperature and constant velocity, and the tubes are maintained at a low temperature with various shapes of the tube. The involved transport equations are solved numerically by the finite-element-based computing tool. The results are presented using the streamlines, isotherms, entropy generation contours, and Nusselt number profiles for various nanoparticles volume fraction 0.01 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04 and Reynolds numbers 2400 ≤ Re ≤ 2700 for the different shaped tubes of the heat exchanger. The results indicate that the heat exchange rate is a growing function of the increasing nanoparticle concentration and velocity of the heat transfer fluid. The diamond-shaped tubes show a better geometric shape for obtaining the superior heat transfer of the heat exchanger. Heat transfer is further enhanced by using the hybrid nanofluid, and the enhancement goes up to 103.07% with a particle concentration of 2%. The corresponding entropy generation is also minimal with the diamond-shaped tubes. The outcome of the study is very significant in the industrial field and can solve many heat transfer problems.
Journal Article