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The proliferation of cybercriminal activities from 2023 to 2025 has highlighted the critical role of digital forensics in legal proceedings; however, resource constraints often limit access to effective investigative capabilities. Despite the technical adequacy of open-source digital forensic tools, courts typically favor commercially validated solutions because of the absence of standardized validation frameworks for open-source alternatives, creating unnecessary financial barriers to high-quality forensic investigations. This study aims to validate and enhance the conceptual open-source digital forensic framework developed by Ismail et al. (2024) to ensure the legal admissibility of evidence acquired through open-source tools. Through a rigorous experimental methodology utilizing controlled testing environments, we conducted comparative analyses between commercial tools (FTK and Forensic MagiCube) and open-source alternatives (Autopsy and ProDiscover Basic) across three distinct test scenarios: preservation and collection of original data, recovery of deleted files through data carving, and targeted artifact searching. Each experiment was performed in triplicate to establish repeatability metrics, with error rates calculated by comparing the acquired artifacts with control references. Our findings demonstrate that properly validated open-source tools consistently produce reliable and repeatable results with verifiable integrity comparable to their commercial counterparts. The enhanced three-phase framework integrating basic forensic processes, result validation, and digital forensic readiness to satisfy Daubert Standard requirements while providing practitioners with a methodologically sound approach. This study contributes significantly to digital forensics by democratizing access to forensically sound investigative capabilities without compromising legal admissibility requirements, ultimately benefiting resource-constrained organizations while maintaining the evidentiary standards necessary for judicial acceptance.

Purpose>One major challenge for urban planners and policymakers is how to strengthen and establish connections between humans and the environment. Evidence suggests that the physical characteristics of the environment enhance both place identity and user satisfaction. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of place identity in the relationship between place quality and user satisfaction in two waterfronts in Penang, Malaysia. However, only few studies have examined the impact of place quality on user satisfaction in waterfronts as natural outdoor recreation spaces.Design/methodology/approach>A sample of 300 users was analysed via structural equation modelling, and results show that place quality is a second-order construct with three main dimensions.Findings>These results support the theoretical findings in the literature that associate high place quality and place identity with user satisfaction. These results also support the mediating role of place identity in the relationship between place quality and satisfaction and can help policymakers create inclusive and attractive waterfronts that catalyse place identity and user satisfaction.Originality/value>Place quality is an essential need for urban life with significant and extensive effects on the lives of residents nowadays. Organising physical activities can help attract more users to waterfronts and consequently increase their level of satisfaction. Local authorities, non-governmental organisations and local communities should also help in monitoring and maintaining the waterfronts.

Functionalized monomer with specific chain length leads to different behaviors of UV-curable polymers. Due to the high demand for high-performance bio-based coating, this research was conducted to understand the effect of fluoroacrylate monomer (FAM) additions on physicochemical properties of palm oil-based polyurethane (POPU) coating. POPU oligomer was synthesized through a series of steps which was acrylation and isocyanation to form acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) and POPU oligomer, respectively. The POPU oligomer was further added with trimethylolpropane triacrylate and 1,6 hexamethyl diacrylate monomers at 60/30/10 wt% compositions respectively to form 100 wt% resin and followed by the addition of FAM at different concentrations (2–12 parts per hundred resin, phr). The sample was cast on a silicone mold at 1 mm thickness and cured under UV radiation for 60 s. The chemical structure elucidation was successfully done by NMR on AEPO and POPU. In 1 H NMR analysis, C = C group was detected at 2.0–3.0 ppm and OH peak at 3.687 ppm. For POPU, peak at 3.0 ppm in 1 H NMR analysis suggested that NH functional has formed. In 13 C NMR, the existence of urethane linkage at 172 ppm further confirmed the reaction. The SEM and XRD results revealed that the addition of FAM induced separation between molecules, which lowered the crosslinking density of POPU coating. The thermal properties of POPU improved glass transition temperature (T g ) of the coating by 2.64% at the addition of 2 phr FAM. The physical properties of POPU was also improved as excellent adhesion properties of FPOPU was shown at 2–6 phr FAM addition: for glass (4B), wood (3B), and steel (5B to 4B). The hardness also improved across all substrates, such as glass (2H to 6H), wood (3H to 4H), and steel (7H to 8H). On the other hand, the addition of higher FAM concentrations (8–12 phr) showed a reduction in thermal properties as the T g decreased by 7.54%. Moreover, physical properties of FPOPU also deteriorate as high concentration of FAM added. The hardness decreased for glass (6H to 3H) and steel (6H to 5H). Adhesion also decreased for all the substrates tested, including glass (3B to 2B), wood (3B to 2B), and steel (5B to 3B). The optimum FAM addition contributing to high adhesion, hardness and thermal performance was observed at 4 phr, and the best surface application was steel surface.

Urban development in Malaysia is inseparable from its existence, which began on the river banks. The design of river banks often changes with time and the level of urbanization. As a result, the physical environment of the river bank will indirectly affect the identity of the place. In fact, the revitalization that has been done able to establish the identity of the area. Relationship functional and emotional elements between human and place create meaning, this process is known as place attachment. Physical changes that occur results in a change of meaning and place attachment may decrease gradually. In the context of urban design, some discussions led to the physical element of interest and activity to develop place identity and atmosphere, but a study of open space areas have received less attention. The aim of this study is to verify the ability of place attachment and the factors that influence user’s perception in the context of open space on the waterfronts in Malaysia. Furthermore, to find out the cause (causal) between the places attachments, meaning the place and the characteristics that influence the level of public engagement. The objectives identified in this study are; (i) to determine the form of emotional and functional attachment of open space or place in the development of the waterfront; (ii) to identify the reasons that affect the place attachment especially on the meaning and importance of the place; (iii) to identify the level of place attachment with the user’s roles in the open spaces and; (iv) to identify the characteristics of open space along the waterfront, which influences by user’s engagement. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative approach are used in this research and covers two main areas of urban design and environmental psychology. Surveys and in-depth interviews conducted with users of selected two study areas, namely Kuching Waterfront (KW) in Sarawak and Lumut Waterfront (LW) in Perak. Observation’s also been used to obtain the physical and visual characteristics. The results showed that the place attachment is influencing users perception of public space at the river bank. Besides its physical quality, the place is also known for attachment and its significance to the user. Results from the study show several factors that influence the form and the level of engagement of the attachment, user familiarity with the place, place dependency, user background, and role. Therefore, this study contributes to human relationship with the place and give importance implications to urban planners, urban designers, and architects to create a better and well-organized place.

Various industrial wastes and natural resources are used as precursors in the production of geopolymers, which are known to be more environmentally friendly compared to Portland cement. In this study, kaolin, which is a natural resource, and Fly ash (FA), which is an industrial waste, were used as precursors. In this study, the influence of FA substitution in the kaolin-based geopolymer was investigated. Geopolymer mortar mixtures were produced by replacing of kaolin with C Class FA at 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of kaolin. Geopolymer samples were produced using NaOH for activation. Unit weight, flexural and compressive strengths, ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) tests and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were applied on the samples. It has been observed that the replacement of FA in kaolin enhances the physical properties and improves the mechanical properties of mortar. Moreover, it was observed that the strength of the samples increased with the increase of the activator ratio and activation temperature. The addition of up to 30% FA has the potential to incessantly improve the strength of the mortars at all curing temperatures. Additional crystalline phases except kaolinite, zeolite, quartz, albite, and, mullite were not detected on the XRD with the addition of FA. In addition, unactivated kaolin, surface-activated particles, and geopolymeric gel formations were observed in the SEM images. As a result of this study, it was determined that the use of kaolin and FA together is appropriate in the production of geopolymer.

Chattering phenomena is the major problem affecting sliding mode control (SMC). Also, finding a suitable structure and appropriate parameters values of fuzzy logic system (FLS) is a complex and difficult task. In addition, the stability of a general FLS is difficult to guarantee. Many types of combinations between FLS and SMC have been used to form an intelligent and robust controller that deviates from the limitations of each constituent and benefit from the advantages of each constituent. In this study, a survey of recent developments on the Hybridization of FLS (type-1) and SMC is presented. In addition, the differences between using the SMC in FLC or using FLC in SMC as well as their limitation and advantages are highlighted. It is found that the majority of the combinations made are intended to approximate the nonlinear sliding surface within the boundary layer. Limitations of the previous approaches and future research directions are pointed out. For novice researchers, this survey can serve as a foundation for their work while for expert researchers this review can serve as a benchmark for further advancement and exploration of other hybridization methods.

On Feb 25, four brave souls got into a black Ford Ranger parked on Fiesta Street right in front of popular shopping mall Sungai Wang Plaza in Kuala Lumpur in the hope of winning the RM88,500 vehicle. The three other intrepid \"survivors\" were salesman Hiew Wee Keong, housewife Mary Biniol and law student Cindy Wong. \"I wasn't allowed to touch or even talk to my children,\" says 32- year- old Biniol who was left with [Sritharan] in the Ford when Wong and [Hiew] had faltered. \"I missed my children very much especially my youngest son. I've learnt that my family is more important than anything in the world.\" The aftermath ... Remnants of food accumulated in the vechile over three weeks.; Who will survive? ... Contestants spent three weeks in the four-wheel- drive going nowhere.; Day one (from left) ... hitz.fm announcer Fly guy with participants Wong, Biniol, Sritharan and Hiew.

Leading the pack was [Michael Schumacher] of Ferrari followed by Colombian Juan Pablo Montoya of BMW Williams, Rubens Barrichello of Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro and Ralf Schumacher (Michael's brother) in a BMW Williams. National hero [Alexander Yoong] took up the rear - in the 22nd spot. The two West McLaren Mercedes cars were in the fifth and sixth positions on the grid. The other eight teams in contention were Sauber Petronas, DHL Jordan Honda, Lucky Strike BAR Honda, Mild Seven Renault F1 Team, Jaguar Racing, Orange Arrows, KL Minardi Asiatech and newcomer Panasonic Toyota Racing. Meanwhile both Montoya and the elder Schumacher were cleaving their way back to the front, showing their skills and the mettle of their awesome engines. Montoya clocked the fastest lap time of one minute and 38.049 seconds on lap 38, registering a stupendous top speed of 313.7 kilometres per hour.

Apart from [Harry Potter], 26 other books that allegedly contain material deemed offensive to Islam, have been banned. Among them are Animal Farm by George Orwell and A Town Like Alice by Nevil Shute. \"However, I don't believe that Harry Potter and Animal Farm are offensive to Islam. Instead of banning Animal Farm, Muslim nations could work to change the pig's character to another animal, if they find it offensive.\" \"As far as I'm concerned, Harry Potter is a source of fantasy, magical adventure, and entertainment. I can't see anything offensive towards Islam in Harry Potter; it's fiction!\"

No prizes for guessing who won the coveted title that evening as Jericho successfully got away with cheating by using the ring side ropes for support. Halfway into the match, [Chris Jericho] got some help from the equally diabolical Dudley Boyz. The World Wrestling Federation SmackDown! Asian Tour 2002 results 1) Funaki beat Hurricane 2) The European Title: DDP (Diamond Dallas Page) beat Haku 3) Lita beat Mighty Molly 4) The Inter Continental Title: Edge beat William Regal 5) The Tag Team Title: Billy and Chuck beat the Hardy Boyz 6) The Cruiserweight Title: Tajiri beat Billy Kidman 7) The Tag Team Contenders Match: Kane and Big Show beat the Dudley Boyz 8) The WWF Championship Belt: Chris Jericho beat The Rock The Hardy Boyz (from left) ... Matt, Lita and Jeff.-By Roslin Mat Tahir.; Awesome ... The Rock and Jerincho in action.-By Roslin Mat Tahir.; Verbal assault ... The Rock gives Jericho a lecture.-By Roslin Mat Tahir.; The people's champion ... Adoring fans show their support for The Rock.-By Roslin Mat Tahir.