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Microwave absorption properties were systematically studied for synthesised barium hexaferrite (BaFe 12 O 19 ) nanoparticles and spiraled multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) hybrid. BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles were synthesised by a high energy ball milling (HEBM) followed by sintering at 1400 °C and structural, electromagnetic and microwave characteristics have been scrutinized thoroughly. The sintered powders were then used as a catalyst to synthesise spiraled MWCNTs/BaFe 12 O 19 hybrid via the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process. The materials were then incorporated into epoxy resin to fabricate single-layer composite structures with a thickness of 2 mm. The composite of BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles showed a minimum reflection loss is − 3.58 dB and no has an absorption bandwidth while the spiraled MWCNTs/BaFe 12 O 19 hybrid showed the highest microwave absorption of more than 99.9%, with a minimum reflection loss of − 43.99 dB and an absorption bandwidth of 2.56 GHz. This indicates that spiraled MWCNTs/BaFe 12 O 19 hybrid is a potential microwave absorber for microwave applications in X and Ku bands.

Microwave absorption properties were systematically studied for double-layer carbon black/epoxy resin (CB) and Ni 0.6 Zn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 /epoxy resin (F) nanocomposites in the frequency range of 8 to 18 GHz. The Ni 0.6 Zn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized via high energy ball milling with subsequent sintering while carbon black was commercially purchased. The materials were later incorporated into epoxy resin to fabricate double-layer composite structures with total thicknesses of 2 and 3 mm. The CB1/F1, in which carbon black as matching and ferrite as absorbing layer with each thickness of 1 mm, showed the highest microwave absorption of more than 99.9%, with minimum reflection loss of −33.8 dB but with an absorption bandwidth of only 2.7 GHz. Double layer absorbers with F1/CB1(ferrite as matching and carbon black as absorbing layer with each thickness of 1 mm) structure showed the best microwave absorption performance in which more than 99% microwave energy were absorbed, with promising minimum reflection loss of −24.0 dB, along with a wider bandwidth of 4.8 GHz and yet with a reduced thickness of only 2 mm.

In this study, magnetite nano-adsorbent (MNA) was extracted from mill scale waste products, synthesized and applied to eliminate Cu2+ from an aqueous solution. Mill scale waste product was ground using conventional milling and impacted using high-energy ball milling (HEBM) for varying 3, 5, and 7 milling hours. In this regard, the prepared MNA was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and zeta potential. The resultant MNA-7 h milling time displayed a crystalline structure with irregular shapes of 11.23 nm, specific surface area of 5.98 m2g−1, saturation magnetization, Ms of 8.35 emug−1, and isoelectric point charge at pH 5.4. The optimum adsorption capacity, qe of 4.42 mg.g−1 for the removal of Cu2+ ions was attained at 120 min of contact time. The experimental data were best fitted to the Temkin isotherm model. A comparison between experimental kinetic studies and the theoretical aspects showed that the pseudo-second-order matched the experimental trends with a correlation coefficient of (R2 > 0.99). Besides, regeneration efficiency of 70.87% was achieved after three cycles of reusability studies. The MNA offers a practical, efficient, low-cost approach to reutilize mill scale waste products and provide ultra-fast separation to remove Cu2+ from water.

A new approach through heat treatment has been attempted by establishing defects by the process of quenching towards electrical and magnetic properties in the nickel zinc ferrite (Ni 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 ) sample. The measured property values in permeability and hysteresis characteristic gave their recovery behaviour in which the values, after quenching were recovered after undergoing the annealing. Interestingly, a different trend observed in the permittivity value whereas the value was increased after quenching and subsequently recovered after annealing. The mechanisms which produced the changes is believed to be involved by defects in the form of vacancies, interstitials, microcracks and dislocations created during quenching which gave rise to changes in the values of the complex permeability and permittivity components and hysteresis behaviour.

Bifacial Dye-sensitized solar cells (bifacial DSSCs) are a promising low-cost and with promising light absorbance alternative to conventional DSSCs, known for their potential for transparency and customizability to be integrated into building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV). This study explores enhancing efficiency and stability in bifacial DSSCs by integrating graphene into the bifacial configured photoanode. Graphene was incorporated into titanium dioxide ( ) photoanodes using a modified Ti-Nanoxide (T/sp) commercial paste, and powder type (P25) configurate as (T/sp-P25-T/sp) in tri-layer (identified optimal structure to maximizing bifacial light harvesting in our previous study) with Concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% graphene were tested. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the materials were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Tauc plots, current-voltage (J-V) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The incorporation of 0.1% graphene resulted in the highest initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.09% under combined front and back illumination at the 4th day of testing, indicating improved electron transport and stability. Over a period of ten days, the performance of these cells remained significantly superior compared to those with pure . These results highlight the potential of graphene-enhanced TPT-configured photoanodes for improving both the efficiency and durability of bifacial DSSCs, particularly in applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics.

Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a sol-gel self-combustion technique using iron nitrate and manganese nitrate, followed by calcination at 150 °C for 24 h. Calcined sample was systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrational sample magnetometry (VSM) in order to identify the crystalline phase, functional group, morphology, particle size, shape and magnetic behavior. It was observed that the resultant spinal ferrites obtained at low temperature exhibit single phase, nanoparticle size and good magnetic behavior. The study results have revealed the existence of a potent dose dependent cytotoxic effect of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles against 4T1 cell lines at varying concentrations with IC50 values of 210, 198 and 171 μg/mL after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of incubation, respectively. Cells exposed to higher concentrations of nanoparticles showed a progressive increase of apoptotic and necrotic activity. Below 125 μg/mL concentration the nanoparticles were biocompatible with 4T1 cells.

Abstract Grapeseed oil as a new source of graphenated carbon nanotube (g-CNTs) hybrids was described in this paper. Mesoporous three-dimensional (3D) g-CNT aerogel was synthesized by a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) method. The effect of the H2 gas ratio was evaluated, and the graphenated g-CNTs morphology was identified by various physico-chemical techniques, such as field-emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and N2 sorption studies. Furthermore, the multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles in the network were highly disordered and rounded by graphene foliate structures in which a large number of sharp edges of graphene sheets were found.

This study aims to formulate and fabricate the optimum condition of modified kenaf core (MKC) for the removal of targeted endocrine-disrupting compounds in a batch adsorption system. Kenaf core was chemically modified using phosphoric acid as an activating agent, which involved the pyrolysis step. Results indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) for unmodified and novel modified biochar, observed in characteristic performance analysis via ultimate analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum, and Brunauer–Emmett–teller (BET) surface area. The removal percentage of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in individual and binary mixture systems was examined in order to ascertain the highest removal percentage for MKC application in an aqueous solution. The main and interaction effects of three prepared variables such as incorporate of impregnation concentration of an acid catalyst (0.1–1.0 M), particle size (45–1,000 µm), and dosage (1.0–20.0 g/L) were examined and statistically analyzed via design of experiment (DoE) through developed quadratic models. The removal efficiency of E2 and EE2 in an individual system leads to T2KC > T1KC > T3KC, whereas that in the binary mixture system leads to T2KC > T1KC > T3KC and T1KC > T2KC > T3KC for E2 and EE2 adsorption, respectively, through hydrogen bonding and the π–π interaction mechanism. Thus, the findings revealed T2KC at a moderate level of acid concentration (0.5 M H3PO4) to be a potential biochar, with an environmentally safe and sound profile for opposing emerging pollutant issues as well as for the attainment of sustainable development goals.

Spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) and zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel self-combustion technique. The structural, functional, morphological and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD patterns conform to the copper ferrite and zinc ferrite formation, and the average particle sizes were calculated by using a transmission electron microscope, the measured particle sizes being 56 nm for CuFe2O4 and 68 nm for ZnFe2O4. Both spinel ferrite nanoparticles exhibit ferromagnetic behavior with saturation magnetization of 31 emug−1 for copper ferrite (50.63 Am2/Kg) and 28.8 Am2/Kg for zinc ferrite. Both synthesized ferrite nanoparticles were equally effective in scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radicals. ZnFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 nanoparticles showed 30.57% ± 1.0% and 28.69% ± 1.14% scavenging activity at 125 µg/mL concentrations. In vitro cytotoxicity study revealed higher concentrations (>125 µg/mL) of ZnFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 with increased toxicity against MCF-7 cells, but were found to be non-toxic at lower concentrations suggesting their biocompatibility.

Calcium oxide from discarded eggshells and waste soda-lime-silica were utilized in this study to make wollastonite (CaSiO3) based glass-ceramics. The calcium oxide and silica were made using the melt-quenching process and sintered for 2 hours at 700 to 1000 ?C. The XRD data verified that the wollastonite crystalline peak appeared at high sintering temperatures, with crystalline phase values of 39.74%, 47.37%, and 48.91% as the sintering temperature increased at 800-1000?C, respectively. Additionally, crystalline size and phase have no obvious change at 800-1000?C, where the intensity has increased by the sintering temperature. The FTIR spectra revealed the wollastonite phase vibration at the wavelength of 501, 650, 715, 808, 931, and 2129 cm-1. Additionally, the FTIR spectral confirm the Si-O-Ca vibration band at the wavelength of 650 cm-1. For the optical sample, the value of indirect allowed transition with n=2 is the ideal value of the optical band gap based on a band gap rise from 3.89 to 4.23 eV with increasing sintering temperature. The value n=2 which is the indirect allowed transition is the optimal value of the optical band gap based on the value increase from 3.89-4.23 eV as the temperature increase. The synthesis approach introduced the low-cost method, recycle approach, simple and yet uses cheap starting materials for fabrication of wollastonite glass-ceramics product.