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The ICT-based learning model has been a catalyst in the field of modern education to teach higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). However, a few studies promoted technology-based HOTS learning to advance pre-service teachers’ ability in devising HOTS-based lesson plans. This study aimed to examine how the HOTS-Link mobile learning application assisted biology pre-service teachers in devising HOTS-based lesson plans and describe their responses on the utility of the application. The study used a descriptive-quantitative research approach with an ADDIE research design, especially in the implementation stage. The data were obtained using documentation of learning outcomes and questionnaires completed by 20 biology pre-service teachers. The results showed that the HOTS-Link mobile learning application could increase pre-service teachers’ ability in devising HOTS-based lesson plans. Another finding portrayed that all pre-service teachers conveyed a positive response toward the easy usage of the application. The present study implied that the HOTS-Link mobile learning application could be used by biology teachers to create HOTS-based lesson plans, especially for the Indonesian curriculum.

Fermetodege was fermented feed that was developed by researchers which is proven to increase the biomass and semen quality of ruminant livestock. The raw material for making this fermented feed were cellulose-rich materials, so this fermented feed contains many kinds of cellulolytic bacteria.The objective of this study was to reveal the diversity of indigenous bacteria in a fermented feed is called Fermetodege. Fermetodege is made from fermented water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ), corn ( Zea mays ) cobs and rice ( Oryza sativa ) bran. This mixture is rich in cellulose and a good source of cellulolitic bacterial isolates. The cellulolitic bacteria is source of cellulase enzyme. Revealing of bacterial diversity is carried out through a series of procedures which include making a fermetodege, fermenting it and taking samples in the mesophilic I, thermophilic, mesophilic II and maturing phase. The bacterial community in the feed was dominated by groups (from the most to the least), namely Bacilli , Clostridia, Gammaproteobacteria , Bacteroidia, Negativicutes , Actinobacteria and Desulvovibrionia , Alfaproteobacteria and Coriobacteria . Based on the NGS results, it was found that there were 9 groups of bacterial communities in the fermented feed.

Cryopreservation of semen was a crucial technology in livestock breeding; however, it compromised sperm quality due to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and structural damage. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding α-tocopherol and glutathione antioxidants in Caudal Epididymal Plasma (CEP) diluent on the quality of frozen Bali bull semen. Four groups of CEP semen diluents were prepared with different antioxidant supplementation: P1 (CEP), P2 (CEP + 2 mM α-tocopherol), P3 (CEP + 0.75 mM glutathione), and P4 (CEP + 2 mM α-tocopherol + 0.75 mM glutathione), while Tris Egg Yolk extender was used as a comparator (P5). Semen collected from two Bali bulls was evaluated before and after the freezing and thawing processes using parameters such as motility, viability, membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation (MDA), and DNA integrity. The results showed that the P2 group supplemented with 2 mM α-tocopherol had the highest post-thawed motility, viability, and membrane integrity compared to other groups (P<0.05). The addition of α-tocopherol and glutathione proved to reduce MDA concentrations and improve the quality of frozen semen. This study concluded that α-tocopherol and glutathione improved the quality of Bali bull semen after cryopreservation, with α-tocopherol showing more significant results.

Bali cattle are one of Indonesia’s local cattle, which require efforts to preserve genetic material from superior males by storing sperm at low temperatures so that it does not become extinct and can be implemented for artificial insemination. The simplest storage method is liquid storage, at 4-5°C. This study aimed to examine the quality profile of Bali bull sperm during storage at 4-5°C in CEP diluent with and without synthetic antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, glutathione) and to compare it with the diluent media usually used by Indonesian Artificial Insemination centers for freezing bovine semen, namely tris aminomethane egg yolk. The research used 3 Balinese bull ejaculates, each replicated 3 times. Fresh semen was collected using an artificial vagina. The sperm quality profile included motility, viability, and membrane integrity a. Sperm motility was observed using the CASA IVOS 2 tool. Sperm viability was observed using the eosin nigrosine staining method under a microscope with 200 magnification. Membrane integrity was observed utilizing the HOST test (Hypo Osmotic Swelling Test). The results showed that the percentage of motility from the first day to the last day of storage was highest in CEP diluent with the addition of alpha-tocopherol and glutathione. The observations of membrane viability and integrity showed the highest percentage of CEP diluent with the addition of alpha-tocopherol from the first to the last day of storage. The research results show that Bali cattle sperm can be stored at low temperatures, especially in CEP diluent, with the addition of antioxidants.

Collaborative based Science Learning (CBSL) Model was a model that can be used in science learning to improve critical thinking skills and responsibility of junior high school students. The syntax of the CBSL model includes: 1) Motivation and problem orientation, 2) Collaborative-based critical thinking activities, 3) Communicating the results of collaborative critical thinking activities, 4) Advanced practice of critical thinking and responsibility, and 5) Reflection. This study aims to describe the validity and reliability of the CBSL model that has been developed. The validity and reliability data of the CBSL model is obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) activities. The results showed that the CBSL model met the requirements of validity (rα = 0.860) and reliability (α = 0.980), so that the CBSL model met the validity and reliability requirements. The implication of this research is that a valid and reliable CBSL model can be used to improve students critical thinking skills and student responsibility theoretically.

The objective of this study was to reveal the phylogenetic relationship of indigenous bacteria in a fermented feed called Fermetodege made from fermented water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), corn (Zea mays) cobs and rice (Oryza sativa) bran using a phylogenetic tree. This mixture is rich in cellulose and a good source of cellulolytic bacterial isolates. Phylogenetic trees can provide important information, including the evolutionary processes, the similarity of characters, and their bio prospects. To establish the phylogenetic relationship of indigenous bacteria, fermetodege was made through a series of procedures. Afterwards, molecular analysis was carried out using NGS. Based on UPGMA analysis, there were ten definphylaylum and oindefiniteite groups. The phylum includes Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Desulfobacteriota, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Campilobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and Synergistota. It was found that Proteobacteria are closely related to Actinobacteriota, which are more closely related to Firmicutes than Bacteroidota. The main characteristic of bacteria in each phase of the fermentation process is their optimum growth temperature. The optimum growth temperature in the mesophilic phase I, II and ripening phase is around 30-50 o C. Meanwhile, bacteria in the thermophilic phase grow well at temperatures around 70 o C. In addition, another characteristic of these bacterial species is its ability to degrade cellulose.

This study investigates the impact of induction time and concentration of Tapak Liman ( Elephantopus scaber ) crude extract on the effectiveness of polyploidy in shallot root ( Allium cepa var ascalonium (L). Several parameters were observed, including the mitotic index of cells, the type of polyploidy, percentages of polyploidy cells, and the morphological changes in the polyploid shallot root ( Allium cepa var ascalonium (L)) cell. Variations in the concentration of Elephantopus scaber extract were used namely 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% in 100 ml of distilled water. The response variable was the percentages mitotic index formed. Control variables were the type of onion, the size of the onion, the extracted E. scabe r variety, the extract volume, and the environmental conditions of the experiment. All parts of Tapak Liman as extracted using the water crude extraction method on all aspects of Tapak Liman. Red onion cell root preparations were squashed and dyed using hematoxylin dyes. The data obtained were mitotic index, % of polyploidy cell counts, polyploidy types, and morphological changes in the polyploid cell onion roots. Data are presented in tabular and graphical form and interpreted using quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive methods. From the research results, the best concentration to induce polyploidy in shallot root was 30% of Tapak Liman extract with a polyploid cell percentage of 58.65%. The best polyploid was 45 hours, with the percentage of polyploid-induced cells being 37.1%. The best combination of concentration and length of induction of crude extract of Tapak Liman was a concentration of 30% 45 hours induction time resulting in 87,35% polyploid cells.

Rina Isnawati,* Widoretno Widoretno,* Didik Tulus Subekti* Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia *These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence: Widoretno Widoretno; Didik Tulus Subekti, Email [email protected]; [email protected] View the original paper by Mr Wondmagegn and colleagues A Response to Letter has been published for this article.

Novaria Sari Dewi Panjaitan, Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Bogor No. 490, Cibinong - Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia, Email nova014@brin.go.id

This study aims to describe the application of guided inquiry models to improve students' critical thinking skills on the material of linear function class VIII A at SMP Negeri 1 Kota Agung. The type of research used in lesson study activities with guided inquiry consists of three stages of planning, doing, and seeing. Data collection techniques used in the form of interviews, tests, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses descriptive qualitative. The selection of material is based on the results of the midterm exams supported by the results of students' pretests. The subjects of this study were six students with low, medium and high skills. Students who have LS showed that the existence of critical thinking skills in the medium category with an N-Gain score of 0.4 to 0.45. Students who have MS have increased critical thinking skills in the medium category with an N-Gain score of 0.59 to 0.66. Students who have HS have increased critical thinking skills from the moderate to a high category with an N-Gain score of 0.68 to 0.76. The results of this study indicate that students' critical thinking skills in linear function material increased using Guided Inquiry through learning activities with low, medium or high skills.