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التمادي في المعرفة : لماذا تشارف العلاقات الحميمة بين اليهود الأمريكيين وإسرائيل على نهايتها ؟
كتابه (التمادي في المعرفة) كتاب صدامي، يخرج عن سطوة اللوبي الصهيوني، وهو يغوص في قضايا اليهود الأميركيين، ويشرح بدقة وتفاصيل إحصائيات واستفتاءات واسعة، واقع حياتهم وميولهم ومواقفهم وما طرأ عليها ويضعهم ضمن تصنيفات ثلاثة : إثنية ومواطنية وأيديولوجية. يؤكد حقائق دامغة عن تغير مواقف اليهود الأميركيين التي كانت متعاطفة مع الكيان الصهيوني منذ الستينيات، لتصبح الآن معادية أو محايدة في أقل تقدير ويعزو كل ذلك التغيير إلى الأسباب الآتية : أصبحت إسرائيل عبئا على أميركا من حيث حجم المساعدات الأميركية لها. ممارسات إسرائيل الوحشية بحق الشعب الفلسطيني. الغزو الإسرائيلي للبنان وتبعاته على الصعيدين المحلي والعالمي. ردود الأفعال الإسرائيلية حيال عملية السلام مع الفلسطينيين وما صاحبها من قمع لانتفاضاتهم المتلاحقة ويذهب أبعد من ذلك مشيرا إلى أن أعضاء المجتمع الأصغر سنا من الأميركيين اليهود باتوا أقل ارتباطا أو مقطوعي الصلة بإسرائيل.
Book
Low-Magnetic-Field Soft Gamma Repeater
Soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) and anomalous x-ray pulsars form a rapidly increasing group of x-ray sources exhibiting sporadic emission of short bursts. They are believed to be magnetars, that is, neutron stars powered by extreme magnetic fields, B approximately 10¹⁴ to 10¹⁵ gauss. We report on a soft gamma repeater with low magnetic field, SGR 0418+5729, recently detected after it emitted bursts similar to those of magnetars. X-ray observations show that its dipolar magnetic field cannot be greater than 7.5 x 10¹² gauss, well in the range of ordinary radio pulsars, implying that a high surface dipolar magnetic field is not necessarily required for magnetar-like activity. The magnetar population may thus include objects with a wider range of B-field strengths, ages, and evolutionary stages than observed so far.
Journal Article
Engineers & Corporate Management, ca 1870–1930: The Invisible Hand Redux
Who managed large corporations during the first half century of their emergence? How did modernizing firms navigate periods of rapid technological change such as those that swept the U.S. economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? What role did engineers play in the management of large corporations? This paper draws on an original database of tens of thousands of mining and metallurgical engineers who graduated from universities during this period, examining patterns in their employment records, job descriptions, and career trajectories, matching our data on individual engineers with a linked database of mining and metallurgical corporations. We trace two distinct phases in engineers’ managerial role that corresponded to periods of rapid technological change and technological quiescence in the industry. We argue that explaining the rise of the modern corporation and the historical dynamics of corporate management requires a better understanding of technical expertise in management.
Journal Article
The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe
Saturn's largest moon, Titan, remains an enigma, explored only by remote sensing from Earth, and by the Voyager and Cassini spacecraft. The most puzzling aspects include the origin of the molecular nitrogen and methane in its atmosphere, and the mechanism(s) by which methane is maintained in the face of rapid destruction by photolysis. The Huygens probe, launched from the Cassini spacecraft, has made the first direct observations of the satellite's surface and lower atmosphere. Here we report direct atmospheric measurements from the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS), including altitude profiles of the constituents, isotopic ratios and trace species (including organic compounds). The primary constituents were confirmed to be nitrogen and methane. Noble gases other than argon were not detected. The argon includes primordial
36
Ar, and the radiogenic isotope
40
Ar, providing an important constraint on the outgassing history of Titan. Trace organic species, including cyanogen and ethane, were found in surface measurements.
New views of Titan
The Huygens probe landed on Titan on 14 January this year, and seven papers published in this issue record the encounter. They describe a world that resembles a primitive Earth, complete with weather systems and geological activity. The ‘Huygens on Titan’ section opens with an overview of the descent and landing and a News and Views piece. Tomasko
et al
. describe the dry riverbed and drainage channels seen during Huygens' descent, evidence that liquid methane falls as rain or erupts from cryovolcanoes, periodically flooding the surface. This paper includes the images used on the cover to the Huygens section. Niemann
et al
. measured the abundances of isotopes of argon, nitrogen and carbon in the atmosphere, and conclude that there is no evidence that Titan's methane comes from biological activity. Fulchignoni
et al
. obtained precise measurements of temperature and pressure from the upper atmosphere right down to the surface. On the way down Huygens recorded evidence for lightning. Zarnecki
et al
. report that the probe landed on a relatively smooth surface of icy grains with the consistency of wet clay or sand. Isräl
et al
. report that the aerosols in Titan's clouds have solid cores made from complex organic molecules containing carbon and nitrogen. And Bird
et al
. found that on average Titan's winds blow in the same direction as the moon rotates, and that close to the surface these winds are very weak, travelling at around walking speed.
Journal Article
Ultramassive, Fast-Spinning White Dwarf in a Peculiar Binary System
White dwarfs typically have masses in a narrow range centered at about 0.6 solar mass (M[middle dot in circle]). Only a few ultramassive white dwarfs (mass > 1.2 M[middle dot in circle]) are known. Those in binary systems are of particular interest, because a small amount of accreted mass could drive them above the Chandrasekhar limit, beyond which they become gravitationally unstable. Using data from the x-ray multimirror mission (XMM)-Newton satellite, we show that the x-ray pulsator RX J0648.0-4418 is a white dwarf with mass > 1.2 M[middle dot in circle], based on dynamical measurements only. This ultramassive white dwarf in a post-common envelope binary with a hot subdwarf can reach the Chandrasekhar limit, and possibly explode as a type Ia supernova, when its helium-rich companion will transfer mass at an increased rate through Roche lobe overflow.
Journal Article
GRB 090423 at a redshift of z ≈ 8.1
Bursting at high redshift
Two groups present redshift determinations and other spectroscopic data for the γ-ray burst GRB 090423 — now the earliest and most distant astronomical object known. Salvaterra
et al
. report its initial detection with the Swift satellite on 23 April 2009, and a redshift determination with the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo on La Palma 14 hours after the burst, obtaining
z
≈ 8.1. Tanvir
et al
. used the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, Hawaii, from about 20 minutes after the burst and arrive at
z
≈ 8.2. The previous highest redshift known for any object was
z
= 6.96 for a Lyman-α emitting galaxy. These measurements imply that massive stars were being produced and were dying as γ-ray bursts as early as about 600 million years after the Big Bang, and that their properties are very similar to those stars producing γ-ray bursts 10 billion years later.
Long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs), thought to result from the explosions of certain massive stars, are bright enough that some of them should be observable out to redshifts of
z
> 20. So far, the highest redshift measured for any object has been
z
= 6.96, for a Lyman-α emitting galaxy. Here, and in an accompanying paper, GRB 090423 is reported to lie at a redshift of
z
≈ 8.2, implying that massive stars were being produced and dying as GRBs approximately 620 million years after the Big Bang.
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by rare types of massive stellar explosion. Their rapidly fading afterglows are often bright enough at optical wavelengths that they are detectable at cosmological distances. Hitherto, the highest known redshift for a GRB was
z
= 6.7 (ref.
1
), for GRB 080913, and for a galaxy was
z
= 6.96 (ref.
2
). Here we report observations of GRB 090423 and the near-infrared spectroscopic measurement of its redshift,
z
=
. This burst happened when the Universe was only about 4 per cent of its current age
3
. Its properties are similar to those of GRBs observed at low/intermediate redshifts, suggesting that the mechanisms and progenitors that gave rise to this burst about 600,000,000 years after the Big Bang are not markedly different from those producing GRBs about 10,000,000,000 years later.
Journal Article
Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole
Birth of a black-hole relativistic jet
Two groups report observations of the X-ray source Swift J164449.3+573451, which was discovered when it triggered the Swift Burst Alert Telescope on 28 March 2011. Burrows
et al
. report that the source has increased in brightness in the X-ray band more than 10,000-fold since 1990, and by more than 100-fold since early 2010. They conclude that we are observing the onset of relativistic jet activity from a supermassive black hole. Zauderer
et al
. arrive at a similar conclusion based on their observation of a radio transient associated with the source, and extensive monitoring at centimetre to millimetre wavelengths during the first month of its evolution. They estimate the mass of the black hole at around 10
6
solar masses.
Supermassive black holes have powerful gravitational fields with strong gradients that can destroy stars that get too close
1
,
2
, producing a bright flare in ultraviolet and X-ray spectral regions from stellar debris that forms an accretion disk around the black hole
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
. The aftermath of this process may have been seen several times over the past two decades in the form of sparsely sampled, slowly fading emission from distant galaxies
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
, but the onset of the stellar disruption event has not hitherto been observed. Here we report observations of a bright X-ray flare from the extragalactic transient Swift J164449.3+573451. This source increased in brightness in the X-ray band by a factor of at least 10,000 since 1990 and by a factor of at least 100 since early 2010. We conclude that we have captured the onset of relativistic jet activity from a supermassive black hole. A companion paper
15
comes to similar conclusions on the basis of radio observations. This event is probably due to the tidal disruption of a star falling into a supermassive black hole, but the detailed behaviour differs from current theoretical models of such events.
Journal Article
A Retrofit Strategy for Real-Time Monitoring of Building Electrical Circuits Based on the SmartLVGrid Metamodel
The Internet of things (IoT) paradigm promotes the emergence of solutions to enable energy-management strategies. However, these solutions may favor the disposal or replacement of outdated but still necessary systems. Thus, a proposal that advocates the retrofit of pre-existing systems would be an alternative to implement energy monitoring. In this sense, this work presents a strategy for monitoring electrical parameters in real time by using IoT solutions, cloud-resident applications, and retrofitting of legacy building electrical systems. In this implementation, we adapted the SmartLVGrid metamodel to systematize the insertion of remote monitoring resources in low-voltage circuits. For this, we developed embedded platforms for monitoring the circuits of a building electrical panel and application for visualization and data storage in the cloud. With this, remote monitoring of the consumer unit was carried out in relation to energy demand, power factor, and events of variations of electrical parameters in the circuits of the legacy distribution board. We also carried out a case study with the proposed system, identifying events of excess demand in the consumer unit, mitigating the individual contribution of the installation circuits in this process. Therefore, our proposal presents an alternative to enable energy management and maximum use of existing resources.
Journal Article
Optical pulsations from a transitional millisecond pulsar
Millisecond pulsars are neutron stars that attain their very fast rotation during a 10
8
–10
9
-yr-long phase of disk accretion of matter from a low-mass companion star
1
,
2
. They can be detected as accretion-powered millisecond X-ray pulsars if towards the end of this phase their magnetic field is strong enough to channel the in-flowing matter towards their magnetic poles
3
. When mass transfer is reduced or ceases altogether, pulsed emission generated by magnetospheric particle acceleration and powered by the star rotation is observed, preferentially in the radio
4
and gamma-ray
5
bands. A few transitional millisecond pulsars that swing between an accretion-powered X-ray pulsar regime and a rotationally powered radio pulsar regime in response to variations of the mass in-flow rate have been recently identified
6
,
7
. Here, we report the detection of optical pulsations from a transitional millisecond pulsar. The pulsations were observed when the pulsar was surrounded by an accretion disk, and originated inside the magnetosphere or within a few hundreds of kilometres from it. Energy arguments rule out reprocessing of accretion-powered X-ray emission and argue against a process related to accretion onto the pulsar polar caps; synchrotron emission of electrons in a rotation-powered pulsar magnetosphere
8
seems more likely.
Optical pulsations from a millisecond pulsar that had transitioned from a rotationally powered regime to an accretion disk state have been detected. The optical emission is likely to be due to electron synchrotron emission in a rotation-powered magnetosphere.
Journal Article
Eco-Friendly Bioemulsifier Production by Mucor circinelloides UCP0001 Isolated from Mangrove Sediments Using Renewable Substrates for Environmental Applications
The successful production of a biosurfactant is dependent on the development of processes using low cost raw materials. In the present work, an economically attractive medium composed of corn steep liquor and waste cooking oil was formulated to maximize the production of bioemulsifier by Mucor circinelloides UCP0001. A central rotational composite design was applied to statistical validation of the production. The emulsifying properties, stability under extreme conditions, its toxicity character, and the characterization of the bioemulsifier were determined. The best condition for biomolecule synthesis occurred in the assay 2 containing 4% of corn steep liquor and 3% waste soybean oil and exhibited 100% emulsification index for canola oil and petroleum, as well as excellent emulsifying activity for canola oil and burned engine oil. The nutritional factors studied showed statistical relevance, since all linear, quadratic effects and their interactions were significant. The bioemulsifier showed 2.69 g/L yield and the chemical character of the molecule structure was identified by FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy. The bioemulsifier showed no toxicity to Artemia salina and Chlorella vulgaris. Stable emulsions were obtained under extreme conditions of temperature, pH, and salinity. These findings contribute to understanding of the relationship between production, physical properties, chemical composition, and stability of bioemulsifier for their potential applications in biotechnology, such as bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil and water.
Journal Article