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The purpose of this paper was to explore workplace-stress perceptions and stress coping mechanisms used by employees of different age-groups in services. The study further examined the relationship between stress coping mechanisms and workplace-stress perceptions of employees, by underpinning literature-based evidences to results. The study investigated workplace-stress and coping mechanisms of randomly selected employees (n = 204) of three sectors of service industry. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and related post-hoc tests were used to examine different research questions in the study. The study was primarily designed to study the impact of gender, age, management level and organizational ownership on stress perceptions and coping mechanisms of employees. The results suggested that perceived workplace-stress and stress coping mechanisms differ significantly with age while other factors reported insignificant differences. Interestingly, the older employees scored high on the use of coping mechanisms but their perceived workplace-stress was also high in comparison to their younger counterparts. The study attributes high stress-perceptions in older employees to the new stressors at work, thereby negating the experience theory widely used in explaining high coping ability of older employees at work.

Comprehensively teaches the basics of testing statistical assumptions in research and the importance in doing soThis book facilitates researchers in checking the assumptions of statistical tests used in their research by focusing on the importance of checking assumptions in using statistical methods, showing them how to check assumptions, and explaining what to do if assumptions are not met.Testing Statistical Assumptions in Research discusses the concepts of hypothesis testing and statistical errors in detail, as well as the concepts of power, sample size, and effect size. It introduces SPSS functionality and shows how to segregate data, draw random samples, file split, and create variables automatically. It then goes on to cover different assumptions required in survey studies, and the importance of designing surveys in reporting the efficient findings. The book provides various parametric tests and the related assumptions and shows the procedures for testing these assumptions using SPSS software. To motivate readers to use assumptions, it includes many situations where violation of assumptions affects the findings. Assumptions required for different non-parametric tests such as Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test are also discussed. Finally, it looks at assumptions in non-parametric correlations, such as bi-serial correlation, tetrachoric correlation, and phi coefficient.An excellent reference for graduate students and research scholars of any discipline in testing assumptions of statistical tests before using them in their research studyShows readers the adverse effect of violating the assumptions on findings by means of various illustrationsDescribes different assumptions associated with different statistical tests commonly used by research scholarsContains examples using SPSS, which helps facilitate readers to understand the procedure involved in testing assumptionsLooks at commonly used assumptions in statistical tests, such as z, t and F tests, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analysisTesting Statistical Assumptions in Research is a valuable resource for graduate students of any discipline who write thesis or dissertation for empirical studies in their course works, as well as for data analysts.

A step-by-step approach to problem-solving techniques using SPSS® in the fields of sports science and physical education Featuring a clear and accessible approach to the methods, processes, and statistical techniques used in sports science and physical education, Sports Research with Analytical Solution using SPSS® emphasizes how to conduct and interpret a range of statistical analysis using SPSS. The book also addresses issues faced by research scholars in these fields by providing analytical solutions to various research problems without reliance on mathematical rigor. Logically arranged to cover both fundamental and advanced concepts, the book presents standard univariate and complex multivariate statistical techniques used in sports research such as multiple regression analysis, discriminant analysis, cluster analysis, and factor analysis. The author focuses on the treatment of various parametric and nonparametric statistical tests, which are shown through the techniques and interpretations of the SPSS outputs that are generated for each analysis. Sports Research with Analytical Solution using SPSS® also features: * Numerous examples and case studies to provide readers with practical applications of the analytical concepts and techniques * Plentiful screen shots throughout to help demonstrate the implementation of SPSS outputs * Illustrative studies with simulated realistic data to clarify the analytical techniques covered * End-of-chapter short answer questions, multiple choice questions, assignments, and practice exercises to help build a better understanding of the presented concepts * A companion website with associated SPSS data files and PowerPoint® presentations for each chapter Sports Research with Analytical Solution using SPSS® is an excellent textbook for upper-undergraduate, graduate, and PhD-level courses in research methods, kinesiology, sports science, medicine, nutrition, health education, and physical education. The book is also an ideal reference for researchers and professionals in the fields of sports research, sports science, physical education, and social sciences, as well as anyone interested in learning SPSS.

Introduces the applications of repeated measures design processes with the popular IBM® SPSS® software Repeated Measures Design for Empirical Researchers presents comprehensive coverage of the formation of research questions and the analysis of repeated measures using IBM SPSS and also includes the solutions necessary for understanding situations where the designs can be used. In addition to explaining the computation involved in each design, the book presents a unique discussion on how to conceptualize research problems as well as identify appropriate repeated measures designs for research purposes. Featuring practical examples from a multitude of domains including psychology, the social sciences, management, and sports science, the book helps readers better understand the associated theories and methodologies of repeated measures design processes. The book covers various fundamental concepts involved in the design of experiments, basic statistical designs, computational details, differentiating independent and repeated measures designs, and testing assumptions. Along with an introduction to IBM SPSS software, Repeated Measures Design for Empirical Researchers includes: * A discussion of the popular repeated measures designs frequently used by researchers, such as one-way repeated measures ANOVA, two-way repeated measures design, two-way mixed design, and mixed design with two-way MANOVA * Coverage of sample size determination for the successful implementation of designing and analyzing a repeated measures study * A step-by-step guide to analyzing the data obtained with real-world examples throughout to illustrate the underlying advantages and assumptions * A companion website with supplementary IBM SPSS data sets and programming solutions as well as additional case studies Repeated Measures Design for Empirical Researchers is a useful textbook for graduate- and PhD-level students majoring in biostatistics, the social sciences, psychology, medicine, management, sports, physical education, and health. The book is also an excellent reference for professionals interested in experimental designs and statistical sciences as well as statistical consultants and practitioners from other fields including biological, medical, agricultural, and horticultural sciences. J. P. Verma, PhD, is Professor of Statistics and Director of the Center for Advanced Studies at Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, India. Professor Verma is an active researcher in sports modeling and data analysis and has conducted many workshops on research methodology, research designs, multivariate analysis, statistical modeling, and data analysis for students of management, physical education, social science, and economics. He is the author of Statistics for Exercise Science and Health with Microsoft® Office Excel®, also published by Wiley.

Four races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Xcm) viz. races 23, 27 and 32 (isolated from Gossypium hirsutum) and race 23b (from Gossypium barbadense) were studied. The plasmid profile of the natural isolates showed four plasmids in races 23 and 23b (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 kb), five in race 27 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 and 3.7 kb) and six in race 32 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2, 3.7 and 1.6 kb). Continuously sub-cultured laboratory isolates of the Xcm races resulted in the loss of all but two plasmids, ca. 60 and 40 kb in size. When the laboratory isolates were passed through cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), they regained certain plasmids so that four plasmids were found in race 23 and 23b (ca. 60, 40, 23 and 8.2 kb), five in race 27 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 and 3.7 kb) and six in race 32 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2, 3.7 and 1.6 kb), which was more or less similar to the original isolates. The isolates recovered from cotton maintained their plasmid profile (except for minor changes in the miniplasmids) after storage for six months at -70°C in 50% glycerol. It is suggested that plasmid profiles among highly virulent races of Xcm are unstable during repeated sub-culturing at room temperature, resulting in rapid loss of some plasmids. However, when the cultures were sub-cultured and stored at -70°C the plasmid profile was fairly stable except for the miniplasmids (ca. 3.7 and 1.6 kb).

Four races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Xcm), viz races 23, 27 and 32 (isolated from Gossypium hirsutum) and race 23b (from Gossypium barbadense) were studied. The plasmid profile of the natural isolates showed four plasmids in races 23 and 23b (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 kb), five in race 27 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 and 3.7 kb) and six in race 32 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2, 3.7 and 1.6 kb). Continuously sub-cultured laboratory isolates of the Xcm races resulted in the loss of all but two plasmids, ca. 60 and 40 kb in size. When the laboratory isolates were passed through cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), they regained certain plasmids so that four plasmids were found in race 23 and 23b (ca. 60, 40, 23 and 8.2 kb), five in race 27 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 and 3.7 kb) and six in race 32 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2, 3.7 and 1.6 kb), which was more or less similar to the original isolates. The isolates recovered from cotton maintained their plasmid profile (except for minor changes in the miniplasmids) after storage for six months at _70 deg C in 50% glycerol. It is suggested that plasmid profiles among highly virulent races of Xcm are unstable during repeated sub-culturing at room temperature, resulting in rapid loss of some plasmids. However, when the cultures were sub-cultured and stored at _70 deg C, the plasmid profile was fairly stable except for the miniplasmids (ca. 3.7 and 1.6 kb) [Sono state studiate quattro razze di Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Xcm), cioè le razze 23, 27 e 32 (isolate da Gossypium hirsutum) e la razza 23b (isolata da Gossypium barbadense). Il profilo dei plasmidi degli isolati naturali ne evidenziava quattro nelle razze 23 e 23b (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8,2 kb), cinque nella 27 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8,2 e 3,7 kb) e sei nella razza 32 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8,2, 3,7 e 1,6 kb). Gli isolati delle razze di Xcm sub-coltivati continuamente in laboratorio andavano incontro alla perdita di tutti i plasmidi salvo due, di ca. 60 e 40 kb. Quando venivano passati attraverso il cotone (Gossypium hirsutum), gli isolati di laboratorio riacquistavano certi plasmidi, per cui nelle razze 23 e 23b sono stati ritrovati quattro plasmidi (ca. 60, 40, 23 e 8,2 kb), cinque nella razza 27 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8,2 e 3,7 kb) e sei nella razza 32 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8,2, 3,7 e 1,6 kb), che risultava più o meno simile agli isolati originali. Gli isolati recuperati dal cotone mantenevano il loro profilo plasmidico (eccetto che per cambiamenti secondari a carico dei miniplasmidi) dopo una conservazione per sei mesi a _70 gradi C in glicerolo al 50%. I risultati fanno ritenere che i profili plasmidici delle razze virulente di Xcm siano instabili nel corso della sub-coltura a temperatura ambiente e vadano incontro a una perdita rapida di alcuni plasmidi. Tuttavia, quando si effettuava la sub-coltura e la conservazione a _70 gradi C, il profilo plasmidico risultava sostanzialmente stabile, eccetto che per i miniplasmidi (ca. 3,7 e 1,6 kb)]