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The main objective of this experimental work is to study oil shale pyrolysis by direct heating of solar energy, using a simple concentrated solar system, and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The tested sample was obtainedfrom a local oil shale deposit, Ellujjun, in Jordan. The TGA test results confirmed that the involved reactions depended on final reactor temperature: the higher the temperature, the greater the weight loss in the sample. A series of experiments using a new design of fixed bed retort powered by solar energy were carried out to study the influence of various operating parameters such as environment inside the reactor and final temperature on the pyrolysis process. The magnitude of the total yield was mainly dependent on temperature and the medium inside the retort. The highest oil yield was witnessed when air was used as gas in the retort, while in subsequent experiments using kerosene the oil yield was much lower. However, this was almost nil in case of using water in the retort. This is the first research of its kind in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, utilizing a solar parabolic dish reflector to heat up the reactor and is deemed to open the way in the future for more detailed research in the field of solar oil shale retorting and/or gasification.

The main objective of this experimental work is to study oil shale pyrolysis by direct heating of solar energy, using a simple concentrated solar system, and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The tested sample was obtained from a local oil shale deposit, Ellujjun, in Jordan. The TGA test results confirmed that the involved reactions depended on final reactor temperature: the higher the temperature, the greater the weight loss in the sample. A series of experiments using a new design of fixed bed retort powered by solar energy were carried out to study the influence of various operating parameters such as environment inside the reactor and final temperature on the pyrolysis process. The magnitude of the total yield was mainly dependent on temperature and the medium inside the retort. The highest oil yield was witnessed when air was used as gas in the retort, while in subsequent experiments using kerosene the oil yield was much lower. However, this was almost nil in case of using water in the retort. This is the first research of its kind in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, utilizing a solar parabolic dish reflector to heat up the reactor and is deemed to open the way in the future for more detailed research in the field of solar oil shale retorting and/or gasification.

Physical and chemical characterization of spent oil shale (OS) from El-Lajjun area has been carried out and compared with the original OS. The spent shale (SS) is subjected to leaching tests to detect the possibilities of heavy metals released from it into the environment. Standard column leaching experiments have revealed no detectable release of heavy metals to the percolating water. The effectiveness of the SS in removing Pb^sup 2+^ from wastewater has been investigated. The SS is very efficient in removing most of Pb^sup 2+^ where 1 m^sup 3^ of SS has an efficiency to remove from 64 to 94% of Pb^sup 2+^ from about 1,300 m^sup 3^ wastewater sample containing 50 ppm Pb^sup 2+^. The efficiency decreases substantially with increasing Pb^sup 2+^ concentration in the wastewater. In real situations, where Pb^sup 2+^ concentration is very low (i.e., less than 5 ppm), the efficiency of the SS is expected to be 100%.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]