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"Jackson, Pamela Irving"
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How Safe Do Majority Group Members, Ethnic Minorities, and Muslims Feel in Multicultural European Societies?
London elected a Muslim mayor in 2016, less than a year after Germany took the lead in welcoming Syrian refugees. What accounts, then, for political leaders' public assertions of the death of multiculturalism and the resurgence of far-right parties? We examine the possibility that some areas of multicultural policy foster a sense of discrimination on the part of majority populations and reduce their sense of safety, putting pressure on political leaders for assurances and providing the impetus for populist political party agendas, even to the point of Brexit. Data from the Banting/Kymlicka Multiculturalism Policy Index project and from the European Social Survey allow us to explore the impact of specific areas of multicultural policy on those who identify as majority group members, ethnic minorities, and Muslims in fourteen European states. We provide a quantitative multivariate analysis of the influence of key areas of state-level multicultural policy on individuals' sense of being in a group that is discriminated against, as well as their feelings of safety, satisfaction with life, and satisfaction with the national government. Background factors, including respondents' education, are controlled. For each of the three groups of respondents, the article offers conclusions as to which areas of multicultural policy seem to contribute to the most adverse reactions. Our findings help to explain the backlash against multiculturalism and the shift in focus in European states toward \"mainstreaming\" integration programs. They also provide a contextual background for understanding the increasing sway of rightist party demands and cautions for the development of programs to counter violent extremism.
Journal Article
Do Muslims in Germany Really Fail to Integrate? Muslim Integration and Trust in Public Institutions
Multivariate analysis of 2008 data from the German Social Survey (ALLBUS) provides firm evidence on the basis of one important dimension of political integration—individuals’ trust in the political system—that Muslims are integrating well into German society. The results are significant despite controls for multiple indicators of respondents’ social capital, socioeconomic status, post-material views, ideological position, partisan support for parties in power, assessment of government performance, interest in politics, and amount of television viewing. Furthermore, Muslims’ level of religiosity does not influence their level of political trust. The findings raise new questions about integration in that the significantly lower levels of political trust found among non-Muslims may negatively affect their views of government and its efforts to respond to Germany’s Muslim population. Skepticism and distrust of government by non-Muslim ethnic Germans may undermine important programs designed to bridge the actual value and cultural differences which remain the source of the ignorance that fuels prejudice and discrimination.
Journal Article
Host Nation Language Ability and Immigrant Integration in Germany: Use of GSOEP to Examine Language as an Integration Criterion
Civic integration contracts in western European states developed in a context of high unemployment rates among those of migrant background, European and national efforts to control migration, and the implementation of antiterrorism security measures. Language and cultural education programs are now required for non-Western immigrants to Europe in order to assure their employment and respect for the political and cultural traditions of the host nation. Political considerations spurred the development of these programs in the absence of systematic empirical analyses of the effectiveness of language acquisition in facilitating integration. Like its predecessors in other states, the 2005 German Immigration Act was based in part on the assumption that the professional and social integration of immigrants are predicated on German language skills. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (
http://www.integration-in-deutschland.de
announced that the language support effort marked \"the beginning of the development of the nation-wide integration programme.\" This paper presents the results of a multivariate analysis of German Socio-Economic Panel Data (GSOEP) using indicators suggested by the European Parliament in assessing the importance of language on specific dimensions of integration before implementation of the Act. The results indicate that immigrant integration programs focusing primarily on host nation language acquisition and cultural orientation ignore key problems of integration. Some aspects of immigrant integration in Germany-including the likelihood of unemployment and fear of antiforeigner hostility-are not enhanced by knowledge of German. The results also suggest that non-German citizens classified as Turkish have less contact with Germans, regardless of German language skill and schooling in Germany.
Journal Article
Measuring Muslim Integration in Europe
The European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (established by the Council of Europe in 1997) has warned that anti-terrorism security measures risk disrupting the task of integrating Muslim communities in EU member states.
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Without reliable statistics, the effects of these measures are difficult to assess. Fears of Muslim radicalization and \"cultural conflict\" can then be exploited to justify just such measures. Despite these acknowledged concerns research on the situation of Muslims in western democracies relies on \"mostly 'proxy' data, referring to nationality and ethnicity.\"
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The European Commission has initiated an effort toward \"the systematic production of harmonized Community statistics,\" with a long-term view to improving knowledge of the socioeconomic integration of immigrants and there are moves towards an EU-wide benchmarking system.
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An examination of data on the situation of Muslims in the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Britain provided in this paper finds that these data are neither comparable between nations, nor sufficient to benchmarking \"Muslim integration\" according to criteria being drawn up at the national and European levels. The data neglect important questions relating to the place of Muslims in European societies, including incendiary problems, such as the tension between Muslim youth and the police, and overlapping inequalities that lead to violent crime. Reference to entrenched national norms surrounding the role of the state in society provides a rationale for those opposed to change to undermine the effectiveness of the EU's \"Community Statistics\" initiative in tracking and improving the integration of Muslim minority groups.
Journal Article
The Securitization of Immigration Policy, Shifts in National Immigrant Integration Models and the Incarceration of Immigrants in Germany, France and Britain 1970-2003
Data from the French Ministry of Justice, the German Statistical Office, and the British Home Office are used to investigate the impact of the \"securitization\" of immigration policy and shifts in immigrant integration models on criminal justice net-widening in Germany, France and Britain. These three societies demonstrate the primary variations in welfare management and union strength that Sutton (2004) found to be important in explaining national incarceration rates. Available data for the last 30 years of the 20th century support Sutton's supposition that the impact on incarceration rates of corporatist and neoliberal economic and political regimes is not the same for \"insiders\" and \"outsiders\". The findings also reflect the influence of policy shifts at both the national and European levels on the criminal justice supervision of those deemed \"outsiders\": foreign workers, asylum seekers and their descendents.
Journal Article
How Do Muslims Respond to Far Right Political Mobilization in Their European State?
This paper evaluates qualitative and quantitative evidence of Muslims’ European identification in France, Austria and the Netherlands while the far right mobilizes to exclude them from the national culture. In all these states, radical right parties stoked anti-Muslim sentiment during the run-up to the 2016-2017 national elections. The center ostensibly prevailed in each case, but these campaigns further legitimized exclusionary policies toward the religious minority. We assess the difficult political terrain faced by Muslims in Europe, their sense of discrimination, their attitude toward state institutions and their electoral participation. Political parties positioned against multiculturalism and immigration, state-level retrenchment of multicultural policies, and the regularity of terrorist attacks in Europe represent and exacerbate obstacles faced by Muslims in pursuing social, educational and economic progress for themselves and their families.
Magazine Article
Globalization and the Securitization of Immigration Policy: Competing Influences on Immigrant Integration Policy in Germany, France, Britain and the United States
This article examines the extent to which anti-racist policy development is on the front line of the struggle between the denationalizing forces of global economic integration & the re-nationalization efforts inherent to the securitization of immigration policies. Sassen (1999) contends that global economic integration has stimulated labor demands & migration patterns that have fostered the transnationalization of immigration policy & provided some protections to immigrants. Jacobson (19%) & Hollifield (1992) have demonstrated global convergence in human rights standards. But national governments have responded to the supra-national influences in anti-racist & minority integration policy development by substituting internal security goals for economic ones in immigration policy changes. The paper suggests that while globalization has stimulated initiatives encouraging greater tolerance of diversity, national securitization efforts have had a detrimental effect on policies aiming at the integration of immigrants in four western post-industrial societies. References. Adapted from the source document.
Journal Article