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"Jacobson, Michael"
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Soil carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems: a meta-analysis
Agroforestry systems may play an important role in mitigating climate change, having the ability to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in plant parts and soil. A meta-analysis was carried out to investigate changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at 0–15, 0–30, 0–60, 0–100, and 0 ≥ 100 cm, after land conversion to agroforestry. Data was collected from 53 published studies. Results revealed a significant decrease in SOC stocks of 26 and 24% in the land-use change from forest to agroforestry at 0–15 and 0–30 cm respectively. The transition from agriculture to agroforestry significantly increased SOC stock of 26, 40, and 34% at 0–15, 0–30, and 0–100 cm respectively. The conversion from pasture/grassland to agroforestry produced significant SOC stock increases at 0–30 cm (9%) and 0–30 cm (10%). Switching from uncultivated/other land-uses to agroforestry increased SOC by 25% at 0–30 cm, while a decrease was observed at 0–60 cm (23%). Among agroforestry systems, significant SOC stocks increases were reported at various soil horizons and depths in the land-use change from agriculture to agrisilviculture and to silvopasture, pasture/grassland to agrosilvopastoral systems, forest to silvopasture, forest plantation to silvopasture, and uncultivated/other to agrisilviculture. On the other hand, significant decreases were observed in the transition from forest to agrisilviculture, agrosilvopastoral and silvopasture systems, and uncultivated/other to silvopasture. Overall, SOC stocks increased when land-use changed from less complex systems, such as agricultural systems. However, heterogeneity, inconsistencies in study design, lack of standardized sampling procedures, failure to report variance estimators, and lack of important explanatory variables, may have influenced the outcomes.
Journal Article
Education as a Complex System: Conceptual and Methodological Implications
Education is a complex system, which has conceptual and methodological implications for education research and policy. In this article, an overview is first provided of the Complex Systems Conceptual Framework for Learning (CSCFL), which consists of a set of conceptual perspectives that are generally shared by educational complex systems, organized into two focus areas: collective behaviors of a system, and behaviors of individual agents in a system. Complexity and research methodologies for education are then considered, and it is observed that commonly used quantitative and qualitative techniques are generally appropriate for studying linear dynamics of educational systems. However, it is proposed that computational modeling approaches, being extensively used for studying nonlinear characteristics of complex systems in other fields, can provide a methodological complement to quantitative and qualitative education research approaches. Two research case studies of this approach are discussed. We conclude with a consideration of how viewing education as a complex system using complex systems' conceptual and methodological tools can help advance education research and also inform policy.
Journal Article
الكذاب..! وقصص حديثة أخرى = Liar! and other modern stories : قصص للشباب
\"الكذاب..! وقصص حديثة أخرى: قصص للشباب\" هو كتاب يضم مجموعة من القصص القصيرة، من تأليف إسحاق أزيموف وستة كتاب آخرين، وترجمة مها فرزات البني، يتضمن الكتاب مجموعة من القصص التي تستهدف فئة الشباب، وتتنوع بين الخيال العلمي والمغامرة والتشويق، القصص تحمل في طياتها رسائل وقيم تهدف إلى تنمية التفكير النقدي والإبداعي لدى الشباب، هذه القصة تعتبر من أبرز القصص في الكتاب. كتبها إسحاق أزيموف، وتدور حول روبوت يتمتع بقدرة فريدة على الكذب، مما يؤدي إلى سلسلة من الأحداث المثيرة التي تستكشف طبيعة الحقيقة والكذب والتداعيات الأخلاقية للتكنولوجيا المتقدمة.
Book
Tracing Enhances Recall and Transfer of Knowledge of the Water Cycle
Cognitive load theory has incorporated evolutionary perspectives to consider how biologically primary knowledge (such as physical movement and pointing), acquired through evolutionary processes, might support the acquisition of biologically secondary knowledge (such as reading or writing), requiring explicit teaching. Tracing (a physical movement) against a surface with the index finger may be one form of biologically primary knowledge that can enhance learning biologically secondary knowledge. We investigated whether tracing lesson materials (about the water cycle) presented on A4 pieces of paper in an initial phase, then on an A1 poster in a subsequent phase, would affect primary school students' reports of intrinsic versus extraneous cognitive load, as well as recall and transfer test performance. Students who traced while studying reported lower extraneous cognitive load than those who simply studied and scored higher on subsequent recall and transfer tests. Considerations for instructional designers, educators and researchers are discussed.
Journal Article
Producers, production, marketing, and sales of non-timber forest products in the United States: a review and synthesis
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are derived from natural populations of plants or fungi, or farmed in forests. Harvesters and producers often benefit from NTFPs by selling them to generate income. This article explores research on the producers, production, marketing, and sales of NTFPs in the United States, including the continuum of production from wild-harvesting to forest farming of NTFPs, and their costs and benefits. Specific examples are presented, but the concepts and generalizations are broadly applicable to many NTFPs throughout the U.S. and other parts of the world. Integrating NTFPs into forest management can enhance economic opportunities but also will increase complexity, and will entail balancing multiple and potentially conflicting objectives among a diverse community of stakeholders. We identify information gaps including the need for inventories and yield models of NTFPs, understanding the effect of silvicultural activities on NTFP survival and yield, time series and trends in collection of NTFPs by U.S. households, identification of vulnerable and marginalized communities associated with NTFP harvest, and harvesters’ motivations and drivers.
Journal Article
Muscle coordination and recruitment during squat assistance using a robotic ankle–foot exoskeleton
Squatting is an intensive activity routinely performed in the workplace to lift and lower loads. The effort to perform a squat can decrease using an exoskeleton that considers individual worker’s differences and assists them with a customized solution, namely, personalized assistance. Designing such an exoskeleton could be improved by understanding how the user’s muscle activity changes when assistance is provided. This study investigated the change in the muscle recruitment and activation pattern when personalized assistance was provided. The personalized assistance was provided by an ankle–foot exoskeleton during squatting and we compared its effect with that of the no-device and unpowered exoskeleton conditions using previously collected data. We identified four main muscle recruitment strategies across ten participants. One of the strategies mainly used quadriceps muscles, and the activation level corresponding to the strategy was reduced under exoskeleton assistance compared to the no-device and unpowered conditions. These quadriceps dominant synergy and rectus femoris activations showed reasonable correlations (r = 0.65, 0.59) to the metabolic cost of squatting. These results indicate that the assistance helped reduce quadriceps activation, and thus, the metabolic cost of squatting. These outcomes suggest that the muscle recruitment and activation patterns could be used to design an exoskeleton and training methods.
Journal Article
Complex Systems in Education: Scientific and Educational Importance and Implications for the Learning Sciences
The multidisciplinary study of complex systems in the physical and social sciences over the past quarter of a century has led to the articulation of important new conceptual perspectives and methodologies that are of value both to researchers in these fields as well as to professionals, policymakers, and citizens who must deal with challenging social and global problems in the 21st century. The main goals of this article are to (a) argue for the importance of learning these ideas at the precollege and college levels; (b) discuss the significant challenges inherent in learning complex systems knowledge from the standpoint of learning sciences theory and research; (c) discuss the \"learnability issue\" of complex systems conceptual perspectives and review a body of literature that has been exploring how learning sciences pedagogical approaches can lead to student learning of important dimensions of complex systems knowledge; (d) argue that the cognitive and sociocultural factors related to learning complex systems knowledge are relevant and challenging areas for learning sciences research; and (e) consider ways that concepts and methodologies from the study of complex systems raise important issues of theoretical and methodological centrality in the field of the learning sciences itself.
Journal Article
Downsizing prisons : how to reduce crime and end mass incarceration
Over two million people are incarcerated in America’s prisons and jails, eight times as many since 1975. Mandatory minimum sentencing, parole agencies intent on sending people back to prison, three-strike laws, for-profit prisons, and other changes in the legal system have contributed to this spectacular rise of the general prison population.
After overseeing the largest city jail system in the country, Michael Jacobson knows first-hand the inner workings of the corrections system. In Downsizing Prisons , he convincingly argues that mass incarceration will not, as many have claimed, reduce crime nor create more public safety. Simply put, throwing away the key is not the answer.
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