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The overarching demand of modern electronics and electrification of transportation has tremendously increased usage of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). As a result, massive amounts of solid waste are generated from the end‐of‐life LIBs and expected to increase by two‐ to threefolds in the near future. Without proper recycling strategies and infrastructure, the immediate threat of environmental pollution and wastage of resources is clear. One way to circumvent these challenges is to recycle the spent LIBs and recover the components and materials, especially heavy metals for future repurposing applications. This review highlights the recent discoveries on the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an economical and environmentally friendly medium for metal recovery from spent LIBs. Herein, how the different hydrogen donors and acceptors affect the overall performance of DES in terms of leaching efficiency, time, temperature, and metal recovery rates are outlined. Very importantly, the mechanism of metal leaching from the metal oxides using DES is discussed. Finally, some potential strategies and opportunities for further development of novel DES for metal‐recovery from not only spent LIBs but also other industries such as, mining, oil, and agriculture are outlined. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new class of green solvents, which brings unique characteristics such as low cost, non‐toxic, biodegradable, and easy to synthesize. They have been recently explored as promising leaching agents to recover metals from spent batteries. The present review highlights recent strategies to design and develop novel DES and their potential for effective battery recycling.

The memristive device is a fourth fundamental circuit element with inherent memory, nonlinearity, and passivity properties. Herein, we report on a cost-effective and rapidly produced ZnO thin film memristive device using the doctor blade method. The active layer of the developed device (ZnO) was composed of compact microrods. Furthermore, ZnO microrods were well spread horizontally and covered the entire surface of the fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that the synthesized ZnO was oriented along the c-axis and possessed a hexagonal crystal structure. The device showed bipolar resistive switching characteristics and required a very low resistive switching voltage (±0.8 V) for its operation. Two distinct and well-resolved resistance states with a remarkable 103 memory window were achieved at 0.2-V read voltage. The developed device switched successfully in consecutive 102 switching cycles and was stable over 102 seconds without any observable degradation in the resistive switching states. In addition to this, the charge–magnetic flux curve was observed to be a single-valued function at a higher magnitude of the flux and became double valued at a lower magnitude of the flux. The conduction mechanism of the ZnO thin film memristive device followed the space charge limited current, and resistive switching was due to the filamentary resistive switching effect.

Background: Green chemistry is widely accepted phenomenon to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) used in several biomedical and technological applications. Metal oxide nanoparticles are useful in biomedical, clearing environmental pollutants, enzyme immobilization, etc., Objectives: The synthesis of Fe-NPs using Sphagneticola trilobata leaf extract using ferric chloride solution and its biological assessment. Materials and Methods: The present study involved the synthesis of Fe-NPs using S. trilobata leaf extract using ferric chloride solution by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, particle size analysis, and magnetization studies. The nanoparticles were biologically evaluated for microbiological, antioxidant, and in vitro cytotoxicity activity. Results: Magnetic nanoparticles were appeared in dark brown color. The change in color might result due to the presence of polyphenols in S. trilobata leaf extract. The characterization studies confirmed morphology, shape, and size of the nanoparticles. The mean diameter of Fe-NPs and S. trilobata-Fe-NPs was found to be 42.2 ± 2.6 and 62.54 ± 2.01 nm, respectively. Magnetization studies of nanoparticles revealed ferromagnetic behavior with the saturation magnetization at 57 emugm−1. S. trilobata-Fe-NPs showed significant antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis by the well-diffusion method. Antioxidant activity of S. trilobata-Fe-NPs exhibited 65.78% inhibition in comparison with ascorbic acid. The cytotoxicity assay of S. trilobata-Fe-NPs on HCT-15 colon adenocarcinoma cells showed significant anticancer activity (56.44%) cytotoxic inhibition. Conclusion: Green synthesis-mediated S. trilobata-Fe-NPs appeared to produce significant antimicrobial and anticancer potential.

Conventional medical therapies for ulcerative colitis (UC) are still limited due to the adverse side effects like dose-dependent diarrhoea and insufficient potency to keep in remission for long-term periods. So, new alternatives that provide more effective and safe therapies for ulcerative colitis are constantly being sought. In the present study, probiotic LaBb Dahi was selected for investigation of its therapeutic effect on DSS-induced colitis model in mice. LaBb Dahi was prepared by co-culturing Dahi culture of Lactococci along with selected strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3 in buffalo milk. Four groups of mice (12 each) were fed for 17 d with buffalo milk (normal control), buffalo milk plus DSS (Colitis control), Dahi plus DSS, and LaBb Dahi plus DSS, respectively, with basal diet. The disease activity scores, weight loss, organ weight, colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and β-glucoronidase activity was assessed, and the histopathological picture of the colon of mice was studied. All colitis control mice evidenced significant increase in MPO, β-glucoronidase activity and showed high disease activity scores along with histological damage to colonic tissue. Feeding with LaBb Dahi offered significant reduction in MPO activity, β-glucoronidase activity and improved disease activity scores. We found significant decline in length of colon, organ weight and body weight in colitis induced controls which were improved significantly by feeding LaBb Dahi. The present study suggests that LaBb Dahi can be used as a potential nutraceutical intervention to combat UC related changes and may offer effective adjunctive treatment for management of UC.

Bacopa monnieri Linn. an important medicinal plant of Scrophulariaceae family and is distributed in the wet and marshy lands throughout India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, and Hawaii. It is endangered species so it is necessary to preserve germplasm. The objective of this research work is the comparative phytochemical evaluation of natural and micro-propagated plants of Bacopa monnieri (BM). It shows the presence of various phytoconstituents namely, alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, and flavonoids. These phytoconstituents are responsible for anti-oxidant and various other activity of the plant. The protocols for tissue culture has been developed for regeneration of the BM plant from small part (nodal segment). The regenerated plant having the similar potential in terms of phytoconstituents. The protocols of Murashige and Skoog medium can be used for the clonal regeneration of plant on the large scale through which it can be protected and preserved for the long duration in small space. From the comparative phytochemical investigation by HPTLC, the phytoconstituents which occur in the micro propagated plant are similar to that of the natural plant of B. monnieri.

Cancer cells exploit transmembrane receptor protein kinases like platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) for their survival, which leads to the development of resistance towards anticancer agents. The importance of inhibiting PDGF receptor is well established. In this article, twelve novel substituted 2-aminoquinoline-3-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized from substituted anilines using Vilsmeier–Haack reaction, producing 2-chloro-3-carbaldehyde quinolines, followed by oxidation of 2-chloro-3-carbaldehyde to the carboxylic acid and coupling this group with various anilines done by using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling reagent to form amide bonds as potential inhibitors of PDGFR is reported. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. SAR studies suggested the importance of the electron-donating nature of the R group for the molecule to be toxic. The cytotoxicity assay of synthesized compounds was performed against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and found promising results. The results obtained in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation study revealed the superior activity of three derivatives (6a, 6b, and 6i) compared with that of imatinib. In conclusion, these experiments will lay the groundwork for the evolution of potent and selective PDGFR inhibitors for the treatment of cancer cells.

Gear design is one of the most critical components in the Mechanical Power Transmission industry. Among all the gear design parameters pressure angle is the most critical parameter, which mainly affects the load carrying capacity of the gear. Generally gears are designed with a symmetric pressure angle for drive and coast side. It means that both flank side of gear are able to have same load carrying capacity. In some applications, such as in wind turbines, the gears experience only uni-directional loading. In such cases, the geometry of the drive side need not be symmetric to the coast side. This allows for the design of gears with asymmetric teeth. Therefore new gear designs are needed because of the increasing performance requirements, such as high load capacity, high endurance, long life, and high speed. These gears provide flexibility to designers due to their non-standard design. If they are correctly designed, they can make important contributions to the improvement of designs in aerospace industry, automobile industry, and wind turbine industry. In this paper we present a mathematical model of helical gear pair with an asymmetric pressure angle. We have increased the pressure angle of gear on the drive side to increase the load capacity and performance of the gear pair in terms of noise and mesh stiffness while transmitting power. Also we have analyzed the results of bending and contact stresses generated on gear pair with the asymmetric pressure angle.

A series of Schiff bases of N-Substituted-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidone-5-carbohydrazide U(1-5) were synthesized as per the scheme reported. Structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral study such as FT-IR,1H-NMR, Mass and Elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were subjected to antibacterial evaluation. The structure of synthesized derivatives correlated and it has been observed that electron donating groups like hydroxyl U-4, attached to the phenyl ring increases antibacterial activity. The compound U-5, have shown excellent activity against E. coli compared with standard drug ciprofloxacin.