Explore the vast range of titles available.

Codesign with resource-constrained people living in developing countries is crucial for sustained adoption and use of designed solutions. Several studies have investigated codesign with resource-constrained people. It is, therefore, important to understand what has been investigated and learnt so far as well as to plan for further scholarly exploration of this field. To address this, I applied a systematic literature review (SLR) approach to understand main sources, definitions, and theoretical perspectives regarding codesign with resource-constrained people. The SLR also aimed to understand inputs and outputs of codesign as well as factors influencing the codesign process. The findings portray a multifaceted picture regarding these aspects of codesign. I discuss implications of review findings for the practice of codesigning solutions with resource-constrained people, identify concerns that researchers should have about this field, and offer suggestions for future research in this field of codesign.

Design is essential to fulfil unmet or under-served needs of resource-poor societies, supporting their social and human development. A great deal of design research has been undertaken in such low resource settings, and is discussed under different names, such as ‘community development engineering’, ‘humanitarian engineering’, ‘appropriate technology’, ‘design for development’, ‘design at the Base of the Pyramid’, etc. This has created an important need to know what has been examined and learnt so far and to plan for further investigation. To address this, we review a broad range of literature, with close examination of 30 design studies in this field. This reveals a multifaceted picture, showing a great diversity in investigation and reporting of attributes of context (income, rural and urban, design sectors, countries, and gender), the roles of poor people (consumers, producers, and co-designers), characteristics of research methods employed (e.g. descriptive and prescriptive, data collection methods, qualitative and quantitative aspects, and unit of analysis), and design topics. Based on the review results, we offer recommendations for further research, identifying concerns that researchers ought to have about this field and suggesting ways in which research in this field can be undertaken and reported.

Product design is a key aspect of human intelligence and creativity, attracting not only experts but also people without any formal design training. Although numerous people in developing countries design and manufacture products in metalworking microenterprises in the informal sector, there is still little knowledge about their design process. This paper aims to fill this gap in design knowledge. We aim to investigate the design processes in metalworking microenterprises in the informal sector of Tanzania. In particular, we aim to explore how these microenterprises identify consumer needs and requirements, how they determine the specifications for the product, how they generate and evaluate alternative product concepts, and how they define product details. To address these aims, semistructured interviews were carried out in metalworking microenterprises operating in the informal sector of Tanzania. The findings reveal many facets of their design processes, providing a sound basis upon which design methods and tools can be developed to support their design activities.

There is a growing demand for humanitarian aid around the world as the number of displaced people has reached an unprecedented level. At the same time, the number of community-based design and fabrication makerspaces has been growing exponentially. Recently the humanitarian sector has become interested in how these spaces can help marginalized populations, including migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. However, there have been few efforts to document what types of design projects marginalized populations develop in these spaces. More broadly, knowledge on design with and by marginalized people remains underdeveloped. This study responds to this gap in knowledge, by analyzing cases from three makerspaces that support migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers in Greece. Ethnographic studies are conducted of twenty-three design projects emerging from these spaces. These projects are analyzed using the framework of Max-Neef’s fundamental needs to show how they simultaneously address functional and non-functional needs. For researchers, this study contributes to knowledge on design with and by marginalized people. For practitioners, this study helps to document the impact of humanitarian makerspaces by showing how design projects emerging from these spaces can address the needs of marginalized people.

This paper describes some research stimulated by a fundamental shift that is occurring in the manufacture and marketing of aero engines for commercial and defence purposes, away from the selling of products to the provision of services. The collaborating aerospace company offers contracts under which it remains responsible for the maintenance of engines which have been purchased by airlines through these contracts based on payment for usage. This has triggered a major re-assessment of the design of aero engines to reduce their overall life cycle costs, while maintaining performance efficiency. In this context, the use of in-service experience of existing engines is important in the design of components and systems of a new engine, to tackle in-service issues through design and thus to reduce maintenance costs and increase reliability. This paper aims at identifying designers’ requirements regarding in-service information. Semi-structured interviews with designers from an aerospace company were conducted; after these interviews, the designers were requested to comment on a set of questions regarding in-service information, indicating how frequently they might ask each of them when designing a new component or system. In addition, some documents containing the in-service information considered by the designers in designing components and systems of a new engine were analysed. The results indicate what in-service information is required by designers for this new task.

Healthcare inequality is ubiquitous globally, but the effects are most striking in low-resource settings. In these settings, current methods for the design of medical devices are failing to address specific needs. The associated publications rarely describe how the context was studied at the front-end of design. There is a latent need for a holistic contextual framework for guiding the design decision-making process for devices in these complex contexts. We present results from a systematic literature review and expert interviews that informed the development of a framework for contextualized design for low-resource settings. The contextual factors identified are described and compared for different types of medical devices. This taxonomical framework aims to guide designers towards gaining a better understanding of the context of use when designing products for global challenges in low-resource settings.

As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices grows, there is a greater need for secure and efficient communication protocols. A growing number of people are using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol because of its real-time and lightweight data sharing capabilities. However, security concerns, particularly in scenarios involving the transmission of sensitive information, necessitate the development of augmented security measures. This research introduces a pioneering protocol, Secured MQTT (S-MQTT), designed to address vulnerabilities inherent in the traditional MQTT protocol. To protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of transmitted data, S-MQTT combines sophisticated encryption methods with access control and authentication protocols. The proposed system S-MQTT in this research employs the MQTT protocol for data transfer within a communication system, comprising three key components: Publisher, Broker, and Subscriber. The study focuses on optimizing time-consuming procedures within the system and fortifying data security in communication systems. Using a Watchdog timer and AES data security, the investigation seeks to assess the broker's dependability in terms of activity level. Comparative analysis of the proposed system against the current system demonstrates superior performance. The results shows that the proposed protocol achieved an overall mitigation efficiency of 97.78%, completely blocking man-in-the-middle attacks and reducing malware intrusions by 96.61%. Encryption and authentication added only minimal latency and moderate resource overhead while significantly enhancing confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Including these metrics in the abstract will provide a balanced view of both the security effectiveness and performance trade-offs of S-MQTT. Additionally, the study presents an assessment of the time and space complexity of the suggested system design.

This research investigates the needs and preferences of low-income angioplasty patients and their caregivers in India during post-angioplasty recovery. Through in-depth interviews and contextual inquiries, the study uncovers critical informational, physical, and emotional needs. Patients often lack access to reliable health information, leading to misconceptions about care and medication adherence. Pain management and emotional support are significant concerns for both patients and caregivers. The study proposes the integration of digital health solutions to address these challenges, providing a platform for reliable information, communication, and support. This research emphasizes the need for context-sensitive interventions to improve patient outcomes and enhance the quality of life for vulnerable populations in developing countries.

Product design is one of the key features of intellectual and creative abilities of humans. Activities of product design have attracted not only experts, but also those without any design training. Many people - working in metalworking microenterprises in the informal sector of developing countries - engage in the activities of designing and manufacturing products. However, since extant design research is mainly undertaken in developed countries, there is scarce knowledge about design activities in informal metalworking microenterprises in developing countries. This paper aims to address this issue by uncovering some aspects of design processes in such microenterprises. In particular, we explored: various product attributes that these microenterprises consider in designing products, the process steps they follow in requirements identification and solution generation, and resources (e.g., design methods, training, etc.) available to them. To explore these aspects, we conducted semi-structured interviews in 24 informal metalworking microenterprises in Tanzania. The findings have important implications for supporting their design activities.

The field of autonomous vehicles is gaining wide recognition in the industry, academia as well as social media. However, there is a lack of knowledge on expectations of people regarding this topic. To this end, this paper analyses extant research on perceptions of people in various countries about semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles. Secondly, based on the findings of this analysis, we developed a questionnaire to gauge the perceptions of the people in Sweden regarding such vehicles. The findings have important implications for the design of AVs in Sweden, and possibly other countries.