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This study aims to design a compact antenna structure suitable for implantable devices, with a broad frequency range covering various bands such as the Industrial Scientific and Medical band (868–868.6 MHz, 902–928 MHz, 5.725–5.875 GHz), the Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) band, a subset of the unlicensed 3.5–4.5 GHz ultra-wideband (UWB) that is free of interference, and various Wi-Fi spectra (3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 5.9 GHz, 6 GHz). The antenna supports both low and high frequencies for efficient data transfer and is compatible with various communication technologies. The antenna features an asynchronous-meandered radiator, a parasitic patch, and an open-ended square ring-shaped ground plane. The antenna is deployed deep inside the muscle layer of a rectangular phantom below the skin and fat layer at a depth of 7 mm for numerical simulation. Furthermore, the antenna is deployed in a cylindrical phantom and bent to check the suitability for different organs. A prototype of the antenna is created, and its reflection coefficient and radiation patterns are measured in fresh pork tissue. The proposed antenna is considered a suitable candidate for implantable technology compared to other designs reported in the literature. It can be observed that the proposed antenna in this study has the smallest volume (75 mm3) and widest bandwidth (181.8% for 0.86 GHz, 9.58% for 1.43 GHz, and 285.7% for the UWB subset and Wi-Fi). It also has the highest gain (−26 dBi for ISM, −14 dBi for WMTS, and −14.2 dBi for UWB subset and Wi-Fi) compared to other antennas in the literature. In addition, the SAR values for the proposed antenna are well below the safety limits prescribed by IEEE Std C95.1-1999, with SAR values of 0.409 W/Kg for 0.8 GHz, 0.534 W/Kg for 1.43 GHz, 0.529 W/Kg for 3.5 GHz, and 0.665 W/Kg for 5.5 GHz when the applied input power is 10 mW. Overall, the proposed antenna in this study demonstrates superior performance compared to existing tri-band implantable antennas in terms of size, bandwidth, gain, and SAR values.

Although ZnO QD has high energy density, higher surface-to-volume ratio, rapid charge transportation, and superior chemical and thermal stability, its poor electronic and ionic conductivity limits its opportunities as a supercapacitor device. In this study, Zn 1− x Co x O ( x  = 0, 0.02, 0.04) samples were synthesized via the wet-precipitation method. The charge transfer between the doping metal element and the ZnO results in more active sites, a larger surface area, and more efficient diffusion pathways for both electron transfer and ion diffusion. Furthermore, doping causes oxygen vacancies in the host lattice, resulting in an increase in electrical conductivity. As a result, the x  = 0.04 electrode demonstrated exceptional electrochemical supercapacitor performance, with a high specific capacitance of 697 F/g, excellent power and energy density (1026 W/kg and 24Wh/kg, respectively), and good cycling stability (capacitance retention of 97% after 2000 cycles). These results imply that cobalt-doped ZnO will be a suitable addition for next-generation supercapacitor applications. Graphical abstract

This research aims to investigate how institutional pressures, such as legal, cultural, and normative factors, affect CSR reporting (CSRR) in the context of a developing nation. Based on the purposive sample method, 272 DSE-listed companies from 2017-18 to 2020-21 were identified, and 1088 observations were investigated in this research. The study also employed a content analysis approach to preparing the CSRR index, considering 40 items. The proposed hypotheses were then investigated using the OLS regression model. Applying the neo-institutional theory and the regression analysis results revealed that CSR reporting is positively and significantly associated with the country's institutional environment. Specifically, the presence of CSR reporting guidelines, the reforming of the corporate governance code, firms auditing with big audit firms, the company's multinational operations, and firm GRI registration positively impact CSR reporting. As opposed to that, firms' membership in CSR-related associations was found to have a negative and insignificant impact on CSR reporting. This study pays rigorous attention to policy-level and managerial implications. Mainly, the study provides the regulatory bodies with a valuable insight into applying institutional factors to enhance firm CSR reporting. The study's findings added to the body of knowledge on CSR reporting by presenting new data on the influence of institutional elements on CSR reporting in the setting of a developing nation like Bangladesh.

In the present work, charge transport in graphene/polypyrrole supercapacitor which is relatively unexplored so far, is investigated to understand the respective contributions of graphene and polypyrrole, particularly, in the charge transport and storage capacity to improve the device properties. It is seen that the role of graphene is to increase the surface area and the charge carriers are mainly stored in the polypyrrole-modified graphene sheet, while the transport occurs primarily through polypyrrole backbone via overlapping large polaron tunneling mechanism. Electrochemical supercapacitor has been fabricated using this layered composite as electrode material to obtain large value (~ 931 F/g) of specific capacitance. Furthermore, the optimized material demonstrated an excellent energy density (46.6 Wh kg −1 ) at an ultra-high power density (469 W kg −1 ), indicating a promising potential for industrial applications as energy storage device.

In recent years, the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising, fastest growing technology and achieved power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 25.5%. These hybrid PSCs exhibit many attractive properties such as long diffusion length, efficient charge transport, low temperature processing, tunable bandgap, and low-cost fabrication. The most conventional hybrid perovskite materials having the structure formula ABX 3 , where A = MA/FA (organic cation), B = Pb 2+ (inorganic cation), X = I/Cl/Br (halide anion) are very hygroscopic due to the presence of organic cation and toxic due to Pb content. For large scale use, the lead (Pb) toxicity could have deteriorating effects on the human race and the environment. Besides this, owing to the hygroscopic nature, the PSCs degrade very rapidly in humid conditions. Efforts have been reported to replace lead and organic cations from the perovskite compounds with suitable alternatives to manage the toxicity and stability. It has been found that the mixture of Pb and Sn could be more effective in terms of efficiency and toxicity. In other case, partial or complete replacement of organic moiety from the perovskite layer by inorganic cations such as cesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb) could lead to better thermal and moisture stability. The other materials such as Spiro OMeTAD, PEDOT: PSS, PTAA, used as hole transport layer (HTL) are quite expensive and degradable in ambient conditions. The suitable choice of inorganic HTLs in this regard would result in better stabilization of PSCs. All-inorganic PSCs is a way to improve the device performance.

This paper proposes a blockchain-based node authentication model for the Internet of sensor things (IoST). The nodes in the network are authenticated based on their credentials to make the network free from malicious nodes. In IoST, sensor nodes gather the information from the environment and send it to the cluster heads (CHs) for additional processing. CHs aggregate the sensed information. Therefore, their energy rapidly depletes due to extra workload. To solve this issue, we proposed distance, degree, and residual energy-based low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (DDR-LEACH) protocol. DDR-LEACH is used to replace CHs with the ordinary nodes based on maximum residual energy, degree, and minimum distance from BS. Furthermore, storing a huge amount of data in the blockchain is very costly. To tackle this issue, an external data storage, named as interplanetary file system (IPFS), is used. Furthermore, for ensuring data security in IPFS, AES 128-bit is used, which performs better than the existing encryption schemes. Moreover, a huge computational cost is required using a proof of work consensus mechanism to validate transactions. To solve this issue, proof of authority (PoA) consensus mechanism is used in the proposed model. The simulation results are carried out, which show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed system model. The DDR-LEACH is compared with LEACH and the simulation results show that DDR-LEACH outperforms LEACH in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and improvement in network lifetime with CH selection mechanism. Moreover, transaction cost is computed, which is reduced by PoA during data storage on IPFS and service provisioning. Furthermore, the time is calculated in the comparison of AES 128-bit scheme with existing scheme. The formal security analysis is performed to check the effectiveness of smart contract against attacks. Additionally, two different attacks, MITM and Sybil, are induced in our system to show our system model’s resilience against cyber attacks.

This article presents a cost-effective and reliable solution for meeting the energy demands of remote areas through the integration of multiple renewable energy sources. The proposed system aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainable development by utilizing accessible energy resources in a self-contained microgrid. Using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, the study examined the optimal combination of energy sources and storage technologies for an integrated hybrid renewable energy system (IHRES) in the Patiala location of Punjab. The total life cycle cost (TLCC) is the main objective of this manuscript. The HOMER result is taken as a reference, and the results are compared with the optimization hybrid algorithm (PSORSA). From this, it is clear that the proposed algorithm has less TLCC as compared to others. Two combinations of energy sources and storage technologies were considered, namely solar photovoltaic (PV)/battery and solar PV/fuel cell (FC). The results showed that the solar PV/FC combination is more cost-effective, reliable, and efficient than the solar PV/battery combination. Additionally, the IHRES strategy was found to be more economically viable than the single energy source system, with lower total life cycle costs and greater reliability and efficiency. Overall, the proposed IHRES model offers a promising solution for meeting energy demands in remote areas while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable development.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a new coronavirus, has affected economic and social standards as governments and healthcare regulatory agencies throughout the world expressed worry and explored harsh preventative measures to counteract the disease’s spread and intensity. Several academics and experts are primarily concerned with halting the continuous spread of the unique virus. Social separation, the closing of borders, the avoidance of big gatherings, contactless transit, and quarantine are important methods. Multiple nations employ autonomous, digital, wireless, and other promising technologies to tackle this coronary pneumonia. This research examines a number of potential technologies, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, deep learning (DL), the Internet of Things (IoT), edge computing, and virtual reality (VR), in an effort to mitigate the danger of COVID-19. Due to their ability to transport food and medical supplies to a specific location, UAVs are currently being utilized as an innovative method to combat this illness. This research intends to examine the possibilities of UAVs in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic from several angles. UAVs offer intriguing options for delivering medical supplies, spraying disinfectants, broadcasting communications, conducting surveillance, inspecting, and screening patients for infection. This article examines the use of drones in healthcare as well as the advantages and disadvantages of strict adoption. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future work are discussed to assist in adopting drone technology to tackle COVID-19-like diseases.

The most important technique for exposing early-stage breast cancer is terahertz imaging. It aids in lowering the number of breast cancer-related fatalities and enhancing the quality of life. An essential component of developing the THz imaging system for high-quality photos is choosing the right sensor. In this article, a wideband antenna for microwave imaging of breast tissue with an operating frequency of 30 GHz (107 GHz to 137 GHz) is constructed and analyzed. An aperture-coupled antenna with an optimized ground aperture is proposed and analyzed, which made it possible to obtain better and consistent impedance matching in the wideband spectrum. The variation of backscattered signal energy in body tissue is assessed with healthy breast tissue and in the presence of malignant cells. A significant difference in energy scattering is observed for both situations. The suggested antenna’s linear and stable time domain characteristics make it an appropriate component for THz imaging technology.

The frequency of Occupational illnesses, injuries, and accidents has increased recently, becoming a significant problem in developing countries. This research examines the Level of Human Resource Safety Reports (HRSR) and the type of reporting based on the GRI 2018 safety guidelines constructed reporting index checklist. The empirical study is analysed based on the evidence from annual reports of textile firms listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022 for five years. The study findings empirically show that adopting GRI human resource safety guidelines contributes to better safety performance for textile firms in Indonesia in the short term and is gradually increasing. Overall, for all the periods reported on average, approximately 3.57 percent of the item keywords reported the HRSR index in the annual reports, and the number of keywords is approximately 14.69 percent of the HRSR index. The nonfinancial keywords reporting for the sample firms reported an average of approximately 4.71 percent, and the total word average was approximately 44.52 percent of the HRSR index. Longitudinal studies are necessary, while industry-specific research can create customized frameworks. The identification of best practices can be achieved by examining the impact of corporate governance and the function of technology in reporting.