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"Jallad, Nader Al"
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Shame in English, Arabic, and Javanese: A comparative lexical study
This dissertation provides a specific linguistic, cognitive, and cultural theoretical framework for analyzing emotions in general and SHAME in particular in English, Arabic, and Javanese. It argues for a universal, language- and culture-free SHAME-defining formula that is based on Natural Semantic Metalanguage, incorporating the following principles: antecedents, readiness, intensity, appraisal, duration, self-concept, role of others, and expression, as well as the grammatical reflexes of SHAME. Chapter 1 outlines the problems under study, the objectives of the research, and its significance. It sketches the problems with previous SHAME-defining formulas while introducing the new formula. Chapter 2 discusses the advantages and disadvantages of NSM, supported by empirical evidence, and it discusses the principles of emotion analysis, listed above, and demonstrates how the defining formula can be used. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 provide an analysis of three SHAME words in English (i.e., shame, embarrassment, and humiliation), three words in Arabic (xajal, fadiHa, and 9ar), and three in Javanese (isin, isan-isin, and ngisin-isini ), including definitions of these words via the proposed formula. It is shown that the definitions can capture the various aspects of meaning of each SHAME variant, accounting for the similarities and differences between all nine words. For example, shame, unlike embarrassment , allows for a time interval between what triggers the emotion and the emotion itself. It is concluded that there are certain SHAME meaning components that are universal (e.g., SHAME leads to withdrawal). I have also found that SHAME differs across languages in a number of ways (e.g., cultural, linguistic). For example, culturally, the role of what others think about someone who experiences SHAME is more significant in Javanese and Arabic than English. Moreover, some semantic implications are noted. For instance, if SHAME is caused by others, it cannot be felt for others.
Dissertation
