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Character education in universities
Is character education a legitimate goal of higher education? Character education should aim to form people so they can live well in a world worth living in. All universities, whether faith-inspired or not, have an obligation to prepare students for life—a life worth living, a life with purpose. The Christian faith conviction that we as humans have a common telos, that there is an ultimate common good, or highest good, that is God, is central to any Catholic concept of character and flourishing in the university. The practice of the virtues, through good character, is the road to this spiritual end. Catholic Universities traditionally have many features that make them well-placed to cultivate the virtues of character in their students, particularly through the lens of a Christian anthropology. The work of the Jubilee Centre for Character and Virtues on universities is highlighted together with recent scholarly discussion of the place of character virtues in secular and Christian universities.
Journal Article
Heterogeneity in defining multiple trauma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Introduction
While numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted in the field of trauma, a substantial portion of them are yielding negative results. One potential contributing factor to this trend could be the lack of agreement regarding the chosen definitions across different trials. The primary objective was to identify the terminology and definitions utilized for the characterization of multiple trauma patients within randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Methods
A systematic review of the literature was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE and clinicaltrials.gov between January 1, 2002, and July 31, 2022. RCTs or RTCs protocols were eligible if they included multiple trauma patients. The terms employed to characterize patient populations were identified, and the corresponding definitions for these terms were extracted. The subsequent impact on the population recruited was then documented to expose clinical heterogeneity.
Results
Fifty RCTs were included, and 12 different terms identified. Among these terms, the most frequently used were “
multiple trauma”
(
n
= 21, 42%),
\"severe trauma\"
(
n
= 8, 16%),
\"major trauma\"
(
n
= 4, 8%), and
trauma with hemorrhagic shock\"
(
n
= 4, 8%). Only 62% of RCTs (
n
= 31) provided a definition for the terms used, resulting a total of 21 different definitions. These definitions primarily relied on the injury severity score (ISS) (
n
= 15, 30%), displaying an important underlying heterogeneity. The choice of the terms had an impact on the study population, affecting both the ISS and in-hospital mortality. Eleven protocols were included, featuring five different terms, with \"severe trauma\" being the most frequent, occurring six times (55%).
Conclusion
This systematic review uncovers an important heterogeneity both in the terms and in the definitions employed to recruit trauma patients within RCTs. These findings underscore the imperative of promoting the use of a unique and consistent definition.
Journal Article
Managing climate change business risks and consequences : leadership for global sustainability
\"Climate change can have major impacts on business (and business can have major impacts on climate change). Risk management is a valuable way of framing climate change issues and for grappling with the possible consequences of climate change. The key players involved in managing the risks associated with climate change have learned a lot about how to protect themselves and others that all businesses can learn from, and those same key players are taking and can take ever-more valuable steps in the future not only to protect themselves and others from the negative consequences of climate change, but also to reduce and reverse the impact of the driving forces that are creating climate change. Although the title of this volume and its major focus will be on one major aspect of global sustainability--climate change--this volume continues with the overall framing of the series: global sustainability is a multi-faceted, global, multi-generational, economic, social, environmental, and cultural phenomenon and challenge to our species--a challenge we must meet on behalf of all generations and all species\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Regional variation in Black infant mortality: The contribution of contextual factors
Compared to other racial/ethnic groups, infant mortality rates (IMR) are persistently highestamong Black infants in the United States, yet there is considerable regional variation. We examined state and county-level contextual factors that may explain regional differences in Black IMR and identified potential strategies for improvement. Black infant mortality data are from the Linked Birth/Infant Death files for 2009-2011. State and county contextual factors within social, economic, environmental, and health domains were compiled from various Census databases, the Food Environment Atlas, and the Area Health Resource File. Region was defined by the nine Census Divisions. We examined contextual associations with Black IMR using aggregated county-level Poisson regression with standard errors adjusted for clustering by state. Overall, Black IMR varied 1.5-fold across regions, ranging from 8.78 per 1,000 in New England to 13.77 per 1,000 in the Midwest. In adjusted models, the following factors were protective for Black IMR: higher state-level Black-White marriage rate (rate ratio (RR) per standard deviation (SD) increase = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.70-0.95), higher state maternal and child health budget per capita (RR per SD = 0.96, 95% CI:0.92-0.99), and higher county-level Black index of concentration at the extremes (RR per SD = 0.85, 95% CI:0.81-0.90). Modeled variables accounted for 35% of the regional variation in Black IMR. These findings are broadly supportive of ongoing public policy efforts to enhance social integration across races, support health and social welfare program spending, and improve economic prosperity. Although contextual factors accounted for about a third of regional variation, further research is needed to more fully understand regional variation in Black IMR disparities.
Journal Article
Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) for treatment of trauma-induced coagulopathy: systematic review and meta-analyses
Background
Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is common in trauma patients with major hemorrhage. Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) is used as a potential treatment for the correction of TIC, but the efficacy, timing, and evidence to support its use in injured patients with hemorrhage are unclear.
Methods
A systematic search of published studies was performed on MEDLINE and EMBASE databases using standardized search equations. Ongoing studies were identified using clinicaltrials.gov. Studies investigating the use of PCC to treat TIC (on its own or in combination with other treatments) in adult major trauma patients were included. Studies involving pediatric patients, studies of only traumatic brain injury (TBI), and studies involving only anticoagulated patients were excluded. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Pooled effects of PCC use were reported using random-effects model meta-analyses. Risk of bias was assessed for each study, and we used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation to assess the quality of evidence.
Results
After removing duplicates, 1745 reports were screened and nine observational studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) were included, with a total of 1150 patients receiving PCC. Most studies used 4-factor-PCC with a dose of 20–30U/Kg. Among observational studies, co-interventions included whole blood (
n
= 1), fibrinogen concentrate (
n
= 2), or fresh frozen plasma (
n
= 4). Outcomes were inconsistently reported across studies with wide variation in both measurements and time points. The eight observational studies included reported mortality with a pooled odds ratio of 0.97 [95% CI 0.56–1.69], and five reported deep venous thrombosis (DVT) with a pooled OR of 0.83 [95% CI 0.44–1.57]. When pooling the observational studies and the RCT, the OR for mortality and DVT was 0.94 [95% CI 0.60–1.45] and 1.00 [95% CI 0.64–1.55] respectively.
Conclusions
Among published studies of TIC, PCCs did not significantly reduce mortality, nor did they increase the risk of VTE. However, the potential thrombotic risk remains a concern that should be addressed in future studies. Several RCTs are currently ongoing to further explore the efficacy and safety of PCC.
Journal Article
The formation of character in education : from Aristotle to the 21st century
This volume offers an introduction to the foundations, practices, policies, and issues of character formation historically. Following a chronological order, it charts the idea of character formation in the Western tradition by critically examining its precursors, origins, development, meanings, and uses. The book is based on the premise that current conditions and debates around character formation cannot be fully understood without knowledge of the historical background. It introduces many of the debates character formation has generated in order to offer different perspectives and possibilities and uses Aristotle as a lens to gain a better understanding of some of these positions, particularly the theoretical goals of character formation.
Book
Observers in a SMPP+GR model of reality: Are concepts fundamental or just artefacts of the modelling?
A description is given of how the motion of particles within Nature’s Space-Time (NST) can be understood by observers using General Relativity (GR) and the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SMPP). In this SMPP+GR scheme there will be a transformation matrix from NST to the flat space-time which an observer chooses to use, this transformation matrix will contain all the incomprehensibly intricate detail about NST. The observer can only comprehend a few useful simplifying concepts which will approximately describe the properties of the matrix. The approximations involved and those allied to simplifying the randomness due to multiple particles being involved in any observation make all these simplifying concepts artefacts of the modelling. Many of these artefacts are constructed in a way similar to the thermodynamic concepts temperature and pressure based on choosing most probable values from the random distributions to smooth out fluctuations but others are introduced as terms in a perturbation expansion around some approximate mathematical representation, examples here are the Coriolis, centrifugal and gravity forces. None of these artefacts are fundamental, at the fundamental level particles of the SMPP move freely between events in NST whatever charges they carry so no force fields exist in NST. Observers should avoid the practice common within mathematical physics of making conjectures to represent these artefacts which are then used to extend the discussion to invent new “fundamental” concepts. The description given supports the idea that the SMPP+GR model is not only necessary to describe observed natural phenomena but is also sufficient. Concepts outside the model such as Dark Energy and Inflation are artefacts which are not required.
Journal Article