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"James, D. J"
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BID, BIM, and PUMA Are Essential for Activation of the BAX- and BAK-Dependent Cell Death Program
Although the proteins BAX and BAK are required for initiation of apoptosis at the mitochondria, how BAX and BAK are activated remains unsettled. We provide in vivo evidence demonstrating an essential role of the proteins BID, BIM, and PUMA in activating BAX and BAK. Bid, Bim, and Puma triple-knockout mice showed the same developmental defects that are associated with deficiency of Bax and Bak, including persistent interdigital webs and imperforate vaginas. Genetic deletion of Bid, Bim, and Puma prevented the homo-oligomerization of BAX and BAK, and thereby cytochrome c-mediated activation of caspases in response to diverse death signals in neurons and T lymphocytes, despite the presence of other BH3-only molecules. Thus, many forms of apoptosis require direct activation of BAX and BAK at the mitochondria by a member of the BID, BIM, or PUMA family of proteins.
Journal Article
Colloquial Slovak : the complete course for beginners
COLLOQUIAL SLOVAK is easy to use and completely up to date!Specially written by an experienced teacher for self-study or class use, the course offers you a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Slovak. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes this new edition of COLLOQUIAL SLOVAK your best choice in personal language learning?Interactive - lots of exercises for regular practiceClear - concise grammar notesPractical - useful vocabulary and pronunciation guideComplete - including answer key and reference sectionWhether you're a business traveller, or about to take up a dar.
Book
The evolution of parental care in insects: A test of current hypotheses
We thank S. T. Trumbo, D. Lukas, and T. L. Gluckman for advice and helpful comments on the manuscript; K. Isvaran, S. Qader, S. Ho, L. Revell, R. Maia, R. FitzJohn, and A. Meade for invaluable statistical advice; A. Seago, G. Dury, B. Kranz, and L. A. Mound for points of information; andO.F. Time for solving all problems. This studywas funded by BBSRC studentship 02/A1/S/8091 to JDJG. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Journal Article
Future tech : from personal robots to motorized monocycles
Explains and illustrates the most current research and technologies that promise to change our lives dramatically in the future, from machines with the ability of independent thought, to cars that drive themselves, to robots that borrow their nature from nature itself.
Book
Hierarchical regulation of mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis by BCL-2 subfamilies
Although the BCL-2 family constitutes a crucial checkpoint in apoptosis, the intricate interplay between these family members remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that BIM and PUMA, similar to truncated BID (tBID), directly activate BAX–BAK to release cytochrome
c
. Conversely, anti-apoptotic BCL-2–BCL-X
L
–MCL-1 sequesters these 'activator' BH3-only molecules into stable complexes, thus preventing the activation of BAX–BAK. Extensive mutagenesis of BAX–BAK indicates that their activity is not kept in check by BCL-2–BCL-X
L
–MCL-1. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members are differentially inactivated by the remaining 'inactivator' BH3-only molecules including BAD, NOXA, BMF, BIK/BLK and HRK/DP5. BAD displaces tBID, BIM or PUMA from BCL-2–BCL-X
L
to activate BAX–BAK, whereas NOXA specifically antagonizes MCL-1. Coexpression of BAD and NOXA killed wild-type but not
Bax
,
Bak
doubly deficient cells or
Puma
deficient cells with
Bim
knockdown, indicating that activator BH3-only molecules function downstream of inactivator BH3-only molecules to activate BAX–BAK. Our data establish a hierarchical regulation of mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis by various BCL-2 subfamilies.
Journal Article
Parental Care Trade‐Offs and Life‐History Relationships in Insects
Insect parental care is extensive and varied, but its life‐history implications have never been comparatively tested. Using original and literature data, we tested predictions about egg size, egg number (lifetime fecundity), and body size under different parental care modes across a phylogeny of 287 insect species. Life‐history theory and both comparative and intraspecific evidence from ectotherms suggest parental care should select for bigger, fewer eggs, but that allometric scaling of egg size and lifetime fecundity may depend on whether care consists of provisioning (density‐dependent offspring survival) or merely guarding (density‐independent offspring survival). Against expectation, egg size was indistinguishable among parental care modes, covarying only with body size. This refutes most theory of egg size evolution under parental care. Lifetime fecundity scaled differently depending on parental investment—positively under no care and guarding, as in most ectotherms, but negatively under provisioning. Reproductive allocation in provisioning insects resembled that in mammals and birds, also groups with obligate provisioning. We propose that the metabolic demands of multiple offspring must scale with species body size more steeply than the parent’s provisioning capacity, resulting in larger females laying fewer eggs. These patterns lay the groundwork for a more general understanding of parental care and life history.
Journal Article
The peoples of India
A summary examination of the ethnology and caste system, the languages and the religions of India.
Book
Reading between the (Spectral) Lines: Magellan/IMACS Spectroscopy of the Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies Eridanus IV and Centaurus I
We present a spectroscopic analysis of Eridanus IV (Eri IV) and Centaurus I (Cen I), two ultrafaint dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way. Using IMACS/Magellan spectroscopy, we identify 28 member stars of Eri IV and 34 member stars of Cen I. For Eri IV, we measure a systemic velocity of vsys=−31.5−1.2+1.3kms−1 , and velocity dispersion σv=6.1−0.9+1.2kms−1 . Additionally, we measure the metallicities of 16 member stars of Eri IV. We find a metallicity of [Fe/H]=−2.87−0.07+0.08 , and resolve a dispersion of σ [Fe/H]=0.20 ± 0.09. The mean metallicity is marginally lower than all other known ultrafaint dwarf galaxies, making it one of the most metal-poor galaxies discovered thus far. Eri IV also has a somewhat unusual right-skewed metallicity distribution. For Cen I, we find a velocity v sys = 44.9 ± 0.8 km s−1, and velocity dispersion σv=4.2−0.5+0.6kms−1 . We measure the metallicities of 27 member stars of Cen I, and find a mean metallicity [Fe/H] = −2.57 ± 0.08, and metallicity dispersion σ[Fe/H]=0.38−0.05+0.07 . We calculate the systemic proper motion, orbit, and the astrophysical J-factor for each system, the latter of which indicates that Eri IV is a good target for indirect dark matter detection. We also find no strong evidence for tidal stripping of Cen I or Eri IV. Overall, our measurements confirm that Eri IV and Cen I are dark-matter-dominated galaxies with properties largely consistent with other known ultrafaint dwarf galaxies. The low metallicity, right-skewed metallicity distribution, and high J-factor make Eri IV an especially interesting candidate for further follow-up.
Journal Article