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Human Papillomavirus Testing in Head and Neck Carcinomas: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists
Context Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, and HPV (and/or surrogate marker p16) status has emerged as a prognostic marker that significantly impacts clinical management. There is no current consensus on when to test oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas for HPV/p16 or on which tests to choose. Objective To develop evidence-based recommendations for the testing, application, interpretation, and reporting of HPV and surrogate marker tests in head and neck carcinomas. Design The College of American Pathologists convened a panel of experts in head and neck and molecular pathology, as well as surgical, medical, and radiation oncology, to develop recommendations. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to address 6 key questions. Final recommendations were derived from strength of evidence, open comment period feedback, and expert panel consensus. Results The major recommendations include (1) testing newly diagnosed oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients for high-risk HPV, either from the primary tumor or from cervical nodal metastases, using p16 immunohistochemistry with a 70% nuclear and cytoplasmic staining cutoff, and (2) not routinely testing nonsquamous oropharyngeal carcinomas or nonoropharyngeal carcinomas for HPV. Pathologists are to report tumors as HPV positive or p16 positive. Guidelines are provided for testing cytologic samples and handling of locoregional and distant recurrence specimens. Conclusions Based on the systematic review and on expert panel consensus, high-risk HPV testing is recommended for all new oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients, but not routinely recommended for other head and neck carcinomas.
Journal Article
Metallo‐Supramolecular Self‐Assembly with Reduced‐Symmetry Ligands
Metallo‐supramolecular self‐assembly tends to be performed with single metal ions and single, highly symmetrical, ligands. This simplifies the self‐assembly process as without sufficient bias within the system a mixture of products may be formed. However, with various applications of metallo‐supramolecular species having been demonstrated, the ability to generate more intricate architectures is keenly sought after. The use of reduced symmetry ligands is one route to this goal, and allows access to lower‐symmetry assemblies. Multiple coordination pockets can also be introduced in this manner, giving rise to assemblies with metal ions in different coordination environments, which can be exploited for the controlled synthesis of mixed‐metal species. Herein we discuss the different approaches that have been used to control self‐assembly with low symmetry ligands, including the use of mixed‐denticity ligands, the incorporation of geometric constraints, charge separation strategies and the use of repulsive or attractive non‐covalent interactions between ligands. The highs and the lows: Spectacular advances have been made in metallo‐supramolecular chemistry over the last few decades. However, the vast majority of complexes are still assembled from highly symmetrical ligands. In this Review, the key strategies that are used to control the self‐assembly of low‐symmetry ligands with metal ions in the formation of metallo‐macrocycles and cages are summarized and emphasized with salient examples from the literature.
Journal Article
Planting for honeybees : the grower's guide to creating a buzz
\"Our gardens would be unrecognizable without the gentle buzz of the humble honeybee. Yet in recent years bee populations have suffered from th loss of green spaces and need our help. Planting for Honeybees is a charmingly illustrated, practical guide on how to help attract these delightful pollinators - whether you only have a city window ledge or a whole country garden. With advice on the blooms to grow, and when and where to plant them, this book reveals the tips and tricks to creating a buzz and a better future for our apian friends.\"--Page [4] of cover.
Book
Archaea and Fungi of the Human Gut Microbiome: Correlations with Diet and Bacterial Residents
Diet influences health as a source of nutrients and toxins, and by shaping the composition of resident microbial populations. Previous studies have begun to map out associations between diet and the bacteria and viruses of the human gut microbiome. Here we investigate associations of diet with fungal and archaeal populations, taking advantage of samples from 98 well-characterized individuals. Diet was quantified using inventories scoring both long-term and recent diet, and archaea and fungi were characterized by deep sequencing of marker genes in DNA purified from stool. For fungi, we found 66 genera, with generally mutually exclusive presence of either the phyla Ascomycota or Basiodiomycota. For archaea, Methanobrevibacter was the most prevalent genus, present in 30% of samples. Several other archaeal genera were detected in lower abundance and frequency. Myriad associations were detected for fungi and archaea with diet, with each other, and with bacterial lineages. Methanobrevibacter and Candida were positively associated with diets high in carbohydrates, but negatively with diets high in amino acids, protein, and fatty acids. A previous study emphasized that bacterial population structure was associated primarily with long-term diet, but high Candida abundance was most strongly associated with the recent consumption of carbohydrates. Methobrevibacter abundance was associated with both long term and recent consumption of carbohydrates. These results confirm earlier targeted studies and provide a host of new associations to consider in modeling the effects of diet on the gut microbiome and human health.
Journal Article
Human Papillomavirus Testing in Head and Neck Carcinomas: Guideline Update
In 2018, an evidence-based guideline was published by the College of American Pathologists to develop recommendations for the testing, application, interpretation, and reporting of high-risk human papillomavirus and surrogate marker tests in head and neck carcinomas. Substantial new evidence has prompted a review, including data on human papillomavirus (HPV) in nonoropharyngeal anatomic sites, HPV global rates, p16 immunohistochemistry, and HPV testing performance in cytology specimens, and performance of p16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate marker.
To assess research published since the release of the original 2018 guideline and to update evidence-based recommendations for HPV testing in head and neck carcinomas.
The College of American Pathologists convened a panel of experts to update the guideline following the standards established by the National Academy of Medicine for developing trustworthy clinical practice guidelines. The expert panel defined the key questions and performed a systematic review of the literature. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, recommendations were updated on the basis of available evidence, certainty of that evidence, and key judgments.
Seven strong recommendations, 4 conditional recommendations, and 5 good practice statements are offered in the guideline update.
The updated guideline statements provide direction on the nature of HPV testing in various head and neck specimens (including key updates based on new research on sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma) and expanded guidance on specific scenarios and practice settings. The goal is to improve and standardize, where possible, HPV testing across diverse pathology practice settings and different countries.
Journal Article
Vienna
Compact and affordable, Fodor's 25 Best Vienna is a great travel guide for those who want an easy-to-pack guidebook and map to one of the most exciting cities in Austria. Fodor's 25 Best Guides offer highlights of major city destinations in a compact package that includes a sturdy, detailed street map you can bring along with you to help you navigate when cell service is not available. By focusing only on top sights--all divided by neighborhood--we make planning your days easy.
Book
Epigenetic Biomarkers for Cervical Cancer Progression: A Scoping Review
Cervical cancer remains the fourth most common cancer among women globally, disproportionately impacting low- and middle-income countries despite the existence of HPV vaccines. While DNA methylation has been studied extensively as a biomarker, other epigenetic mechanisms remain underexplored. This scoping review aims to report such underexplored epigenetic biomarkers linked to cervical cancer, shifting the focus beyond global nuclear DNA methylation. Literature searches were performed using Google Scholar via Publish or Perish software including studies published until January 2025. Our review focused on mitochondrial DNA, non-coding RNA, histone modifications, and repetitive elements. Mitochondrial DNA methylation has been proposed as a cervical cancer biomarker, although supporting evidence is limited. Histone modifications are more consistently reported to be involved both in cervical cancer onset and aggressiveness. Similarly, aberrant expression of lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs, and piRNAs has been associated with poor prognosis. Finally, hypomethylation in repetitive elements such as LINE-1 and Alu is often observed in cervical cancer, contributing to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Highlighting these alternative epigenetic mechanisms, our review emphasizes the importance of expanding biomarker discovery beyond the traditional nuclear DNA methylation. Understanding these mechanisms may improve early detection and personalized disease management strategies for cervical cancer.
Journal Article